Epilepsy is a complex neurological condition that affects millions of people worldwide. This disorder disrupts the normal electrical activity in the brain, causing recurrent seizures of differing intensities and frequencies. The impact of epilepsy goes beyond just physical symptoms and can affect cognitive abilities and emotional well-being too.

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The seizures and their aftermath can be both physically debilitating and emotionally distressing, which is why it’s so important for doctors to tailor treatment plans to meet the physical and emotional needs of epilepsy patients.

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While conventional antiepileptic medications have been a major advancement in epilepsy management, they are not always entirely effective and can be associated with undesirable side effects. This has prompted both patients and the medical community to explore alternative approaches, such as medicinal cannabis, which can be used as a complementary therapy or a stand-alone treatment.

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Medicinal cannabis, commonly referred to as medical marijuana, has gained recognition for its potential to alleviate epilepsy symptoms for some patients naturally. The compounds found in medical cannabis, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), have shown promise in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures in certain individuals with epilepsy. These positive findings have encouraged further research into how cannabinoids interact with the nervous system to help reduce the intensity or frequency of seizures.

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Read on to find out how medical cannabis may help some patients manage epilepsy.

What is epilepsy? 

Epilepsy is a spectrum of neurological disorders characterised by abnormal brain activity, resulting in recurrent seizures. These seizures can vary widely in their manifestations and severity, and can impact people differently. Because of epilepsy's diverse nature can diagnosis and treatment can be complicated 

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Seizures associated with epilepsy can range from subtle moments of altered consciousness or brief staring spells to more intense convulsions. The type of seizure someone experiences depends on the part of the brain affected and the pattern of abnormal activity it generates.

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There are different types of epilepsy, and each has its distinct set of challenges. Some people may experience focal onset seizures, which originate in a specific area of the brain, while others may have generalised onset seizures that involve widespread brain networks. Additionally, there are epilepsy syndromes that tend to manifest in specific age groups and are characterised by specific seizure types and patterns.

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Managing epilepsy effectively requires accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plans. Antiepileptic medications are commonly prescribed to control seizure activity, but their effectiveness can vary depending on the type of epilepsy and individual response. In some cases, surgery may be considered to remove or isolate the epileptic focus (the part of the brain where the seizure originates).

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If you or a loved one are living with epilepsy and want to explore natural treatment support, medical professionals, such as our knowledgeable Polln specialists, can help you make an informed decision about your treatment options.

Challenges of Traditional Epilepsy Treatments

Managing epilepsy involves a multifaceted approach that often relies on antiepileptic medications (also known as “anti-seizure medications”). These medications have greatly improved the lives of many people by helping them control seizures and achieve a better quality of life. However, while traditional epilepsy medications are effective for many, they are not without potential challenges.

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One of the notable benefits of modern epilepsy medications is their ability to significantly reduce the frequency and severity of seizures for many people with epilepsy. These medical advancements have revolutionised epilepsy management, allowing people to regain a sense of control and stability in their lives.

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However, there has been growing interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis as an adjunct therapy for epilepsy. While not always a suitable replacement for modern epilepsy medications, some individuals find that incorporating medicinal cannabis into their treatment plan may provide additional relief or help them avoid common side effects like dizziness, fatigue, weight gain, and mood changes.‍

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Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound found in medical cannabis, has shown promise in reducing certain types of seizures, particularly in cases where traditional medications may not be fully effective. However, it's important to note that medicinal cannabis is not suitable for everyone, and its use should be discussed with healthcare providers, like our Polln doctors. ‍Remember: When making decisions about epilepsy treatment options (whether that involves traditional medications, adjunct therapies like medicinal cannabis, or a combination of both) it’s important to make these decisions with the help of a trusted doctor.

How Medical Cannabis May Impact Patients with Epilepsy

The potential therapeutic role of medical cannabis in managing epilepsy has garnered increasing interest, shedding light on its possible therapeutic benefits for some individuals living with seizure disorders. Exploring the interaction between medical cannabis and the neurological system can provide insights into its potential efficacy in mitigating the challenges posed by epilepsy.

• Neurological Regulation: Medical cannabis compounds, including CBD and THC, interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and signalling molecules involved in maintaining neurological balance.

CBD, for instance, has shown promise in influencing GABA receptors, which play a critical role in inhibiting excessive neuronal activity. By modulating these receptors, CBD may help regulate abnormal brain activity associated with seizures in some patients.

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• Seizure Threshold Modulation: Both CBD and THC have been studied for their effects on altering the seizure threshold, which is the point at which an individual is more susceptible to experiencing a seizure.

CBD's anticonvulsant properties show potential in raising the seizure threshold, thereby reducing the frequency and intensity of seizures. However, the influence of THC on seizures requires careful consideration due to its potential to lower the seizure threshold in some cases.

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• Neuroprotective Effects: CBD's neuroprotective properties have gained attention for their potential in safeguarding brain cells from damage caused by seizures. Research suggests that CBD's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions may help mitigate the neurodegenerative effects associated with epilepsy, providing a multifaceted approach to managing the condition for some patients.

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• Inflammation and Excitotoxicity: Inflammation and excitotoxicity, an excessive release of neurotransmitters that can lead to neuronal damage, are implicated in epilepsy. CBD's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may counteract these processes in some patients, offering a protective effect against the neurological damage that can occur during seizures.

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• Medication-Resistant Epilepsy: A particularly challenging form of epilepsy is medication-resistant epilepsy, where traditional antiepileptic drugs do not provide adequate seizure control. Medical cannabis, with its unique mechanisms of action, may offer a potential alternative for some individuals who have not responded well to conventional treatments. CBD-rich formulations, in particular, have shown promise in reducing seizure frequency in some cases.

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• Dosage and Personalized Treatment: It's important to note that the effects of medical cannabis on epilepsy can vary widely based on factors such as dosage, cannabinoid ratios, and an individual's specific response. Working closely with medical professionals to establish appropriate dosing and monitoring is crucial to achieving optimal outcomes.

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• Seizure Reduction: One of the most therapeutically beneficial aspects of medicinal cannabis for epilepsy is its potential to reduce seizure frequency and severity in some patients, particularly those with treatment-resistant forms of epilepsy, such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

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• Improved Quality of Life: Patients who experience fewer seizures often report an improved quality of life. Reduced seizure frequency can lead to better cognitive function, improved mood, and enhanced social interactions.

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• Reduced Medication Dependency: Some individuals with epilepsy may be able to reduce their reliance on traditional antiepileptic medications when using medicinal cannabis, which can be beneficial, especially if they experience adverse side effects from these medications.

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• Alternative for Intractable (hard-to-treat) Epilepsy: For people who do not respond well to conventional epilepsy treatments, medicinal cannabis may offer a much-needed alternative, potentially providing hope where other options have failed.

While further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and effects, medical cannabis offers hope for some people wanting additional options for epilepsy care to address the challenges posed by this complex neurological condition.

Possible Risks of Medicinal Cannabis for Epilepsy

Before starting on a course of medicinal cannabis treatment for epilepsy, it is important to carefully evaluate any potential risks to make informed decisions about your medical treatment.

• Side Effects: While CBD is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, THC and other prominent compounds in cannabis can cause side effects such as dizziness, increased heart rate, and cognitive impairment. These side effects may be particularly concerning for vulnerable populations, such as children or the elderly.

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• Drug Interactions: Medicinal cannabis can interact with other medications, potentially affecting their effectiveness or causing adverse reactions. It is crucial for patients to inform their healthcare providers about their cannabis use to manage potential drug interactions properly.

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• Long-Term Safety: The long-term safety of medicinal cannabis for epilepsy requires further clinical trials. Concerns about potential adverse effects on brain development in children and adolescents and the risk of addiction need to be carefully considered.

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• Individual Variation: Responses to medicinal cannabis can vary significantly among individuals. What works for one person may not work for another, making it challenging to predict outcomes and customise treatment effectively.

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Ongoing research and increased understanding of medicinal cannabis treatments  are critical for maximising the therapeutic benefits and minimising the risks associated with its use in epilepsy management.

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Living with epilepsy and finding the right medical care for seizure management can be challenging. That's why Polln offers Australians natural alternatives and adjunct treatments. Our specialised approach to medicinal cannabis care is designed to help people manage epilepsy and other conditions when other treatments have failed to provide adequate relief.

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At Polln, patients can easily schedule appointments online, and access same-day, after-hours, and weekend appointments from home. Our 30-minute video consultations give you the time you need to weigh the risks and benefits of new treatment options. 

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If you receive a prescription, you can conveniently order your medications through our Polln pharmacy portal, with express delivery available Australia-wide. After your appointment, our dedicated Care Team provides ongoing personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

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Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up

Epilepsy is a complex disorder that disrupts the normal electrical activity in the brain and causes recurrent seizures. While traditional medications have played an important role in managing this condition, medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD-rich formulations, shows promise as an alternative or complementary therapy, especially for some medication-resistant epilepsy.

At Polln, we're here to help you explore potential options for epilepsy management with our team of dedicated doctors. Schedule an appointment today to see if plant medicine could be a beneficial addition to your treatment plan.

Medical Cannabis and Epilepsy FAQs

Is cannabinoid oil for epilepsy?

Yes, cannabinoid oil, also known as CBD oil, has been studied and used as a potential treatment for epilepsy, particularly in cases where other treatments have not been effective. The TGA has approved a CBD-based medication called Epidiolex for specific forms of severe epilepsy. This medication was also the first and only medicinal cannabis medication to be listed on Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using CBD oil for epilepsy, as its effectiveness can vary from person to person, and other treatment options should also be considered.

How can I prevent seizures? 

To prevent seizures, especially while considering the use of medicinal cannabis, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a neurologist, epilepsy specialist, or one of our Polln doctors, for personalised guidance. For many people, prescription medications are the primary means of seizure control, and adherence to the prescribed regimen is important. Lifestyle adjustments, like maintaining a regular sleep schedule, managing stress, and avoiding personal seizure triggers, can also be helpful. If appropriate, medicinal cannabis containing CBD or low levels of THC may be considered as part of the treatment plan, but it should be closely monitored by a qualified healthcare provider. Additionally, other options like Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), or surgery may be explored in cases where seizures are not responsive to medications or other treatments.

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Neurological conditions can pose significant challenges to individuals and their loved ones, affecting not only physical health but also mental and emotional well-being. These conditions often require long-term management and personalised treatments.

Neurological conditions include a wide range of disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and neuropathic pain. These conditions can have a wide range of symptoms, from seizures and muscle spasms to cognitive impairment or chronic pain.

Traditional drugs for neurological conditions can be an important part of neurological condition management, but they can come with limitations, such as unwanted side effects, varying efficacy, and the potential for dependence. This has led many patients and healthcare professionals to explore alternative treatments for adjunct therapies like medical cannabis.

Medical cannabis, sometimes referred to as medical marijuana or medicinal weed, is gaining recognition for its potential to relieve symptoms associated with various neurological disorders in some patients. Cannabinoids, the active compounds in cannabis, may help modulate pain perception in the brain, reduce inflammation, and potentially improve overall neurological function.

Read on to find out how medical cannabis may help some patients with symptoms associated with neurological conditions and how to safely explore options for medicinal cannabis treatments. 

What are neurological conditions?

Neurological conditions, also referred to as neurological disorders or diseases, encompass a broad spectrum of medical conditions that affect the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. 

These conditions disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system, leading to a wide range of symptoms and health challenges. Neurological conditions can be caused by factors, such as genetic factors, infections, injuries, autoimmune responses, and degenerative processes (ageing-related changes).

Diagnosis, treatment, and management of neurological disorders typically involve a multidisciplinary approach, with neurologists and other healthcare professionals (like our Polln doctors) working together to provide comprehensive care.

Neurologists specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions, employing a combination of clinical assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Once diagnosed, patients often receive tailored treatment plans that may include medications to manage symptoms, physical therapy to improve function, surgical interventions to address specific issues, and, in some cases, lifestyle modifications.

Lifestyle modifications can be particularly important in the management of certain neurological conditions. These modifications may involve dietary changes, exercise regimens, and adaptations to daily routines to optimise the patient's quality of life and overall well-being. The goal is to empower individuals affected by neurological conditions to lead as fulfilling and comfortable lives as possible, despite the challenges posed by their condition.

Types of Neurological Conditions

While neurological conditions share a common thread of affecting the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves), neurological conditions cover many different kinds of disorders. Each neurological condition, like Parkinson’s or Epilepsy, has its own specific causes and symptoms, which makes the field of neurology quite complex.

Some common neurological conditions include:

• Epilepsy
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Chronic Pain
• Migraines
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Parkinson's Disease
• Neuropathy (damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves)

Each neurological condition presents its unique challenges in terms of diagnosis and management. Treatment approaches vary, and they often involve a combination of medications, therapies, and lifestyle modifications tailored to the specific condition and individual needs.

Medicinal Cannabis and Neurological Conditions

Medicinal cannabis is gaining recognition as a potential treatment option to help manage the symptoms of various neurological conditions due to its ability to potentially alleviate symptoms such as pain, muscle spasticity, and seizures in some patients.

Medicinal cannabis may help some patients manage the symptoms of the following neurological conditions:

• Epilepsy: Epilepsy, characterised by recurrent seizures, has garnered significant attention in the realm of medicinal cannabis. Certain medical cannabis extracts, such as CBD (cannabidiol), have shown promise in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures in some individuals with epilepsy.

The first ever medicinal cannabis product on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)  was listed in 2021. Epidyolex® a prescription cannabidiol (CBD) oil that is used to treat seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older.

• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Medicinal cannabis, particularly oral medications containing THC and CBD, may help manage MS symptoms in some patients, including pain, muscle spasms, and spasticity.

• Parkinson's Disease: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to motor impairments, including tremors and rigidity. Medicinal cannabis may help reduce these symptoms and improve the overall quality of life for some individuals with Parkinson's.

• Neuropathic Pain: Neuropathic pain conditions, such as diabetic neuropathy and trigeminal neuralgia, involve chronic pain resulting from nerve dysfunction. Medical cannabis treatments, with their analgesic properties, have been shown to help some people manage neuropathic pain.

• Migraines: Migraines are characterised by severe headaches and associated symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and in some cases, visual disturbances or auras. Research shows that medicinal cannabis may help  reduce the frequency and intensity of migraines in some patients. Additionally, medicinal cannabis may help some patients manage associated symptoms of migraine, such as nausea and vomiting.

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Remember: the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis in managing neurological conditions can vary from person to person. Additionally, the use of medicinal cannabis should be approached cautiously, and consultation with an experienced healthcare professional, like one of our caring Polln doctors.

How Medicinal Cannabis May Affect  Neurological Conditions

Medicinal cannabis, and medicinal cannabis products, containing cannabinoids like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), may help some people manage some of the complex symptoms of neurological disorders.

While ongoing research is still uncovering exactly how medicinal cannabis interacts with neurological conditions, here are a few ways it might affect some patients: :

• Managing Neuroinflammation: THC and CBD, the main compounds in medical cannabis, have anti-inflammatory effects. They interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, which regulates immune responses and inflammation.

It has been suggested that Medicinal cannabis may help slow down the progression of conditions like multiple sclerosis in some patients by reducing neuroinflammation, as inflammation is a key factor in nerve damage.

• Immune System Modulation: Medicinal cannabis compounds may affect how the immune system responds in some patients, especially in neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's. 

Medicinal cannabis may control the release of cytokines and other immune signalling molecules, which helps in calming down an overactive immune response. This is significant for conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome and lupus, where an overly active immune system is a characteristic feature.

• Pain Alleviation: Neurological conditions often bring persistent pain that can seriously affect a person's life. Medical cannabis may help manage pain symptoms in some patients due to its pain-relieving properties. This can be especially helpful for people with conditions like diabetic neuropathy, which causes nerve pain due to diabetes, or trigeminal neuralgia, a condition causing severe facial pain.

• Seizure Control: Medicinal cannabis, particularly the cannabinoid CBD, may aid in the management of seizure disorders such as epilepsy. Although we don't fully understand exactly how it helps, it seems that CBD's capacity to regulate nerve cell activity and the release of signalling chemicals in the brain plays a crucial role in decreasing the frequency and intensity of seizures.

• Neurological Symptom Management: Beyond inflammation and pain, medical cannabis treatments may address other distressing symptoms commonly associated with neurological conditions, including muscle spasms, tremors, and cognitive disturbances.

Remember: The efficacy of medicinal cannabis can vary from person to person and can depend on many factors, including your condition, the specific medical cannabis treatment  used, and the dosing regimen.

As with any medical treatment, medicinal cannabis carries potential side effects and interactions with other medications. If you’re interested in learning more about medicinal cannabis treatments, book an online consultation to weigh the risks and benefits with one of our compassionate Polln doctors. 

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Neurological Conditions

While not everyone will experience adverse effects, it's important to be aware of potential risks associated with medical cannabis for inflammatory conditions:

• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis might lead to cognitive effects, including impaired memory and concentration.

• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Side effects, though potentially fewer than with traditional medications, still warrant careful consideration.

• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The psychoactive nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. 

A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you navigate possible risks and make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis could be right for you. 

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

At Polln, we understand that living with a neurological condition can be immensely challenging. That's why we offer Australians a compassionate and natural alternative for managing their neurological well-being when other treatments fail to provide adequate relief. 

At Polln, we've streamlined the process of accessing care, making it convenient and stress-free for individuals dealing with these conditions. You can effortlessly schedule appointments online, with options available for same-day, after-hours, and weekend consultations to accommodate your schedule. Our unique 30-minute video consultations with specialised doctors can be conducted from the comfort of your own home.

If you receive a prescription, you have the convenience of ordering your prescribed medications through our Polln pharmacy portal, complete with the option for express delivery anywhere in Australia. Following your appointment, our dedicated Care Team is here to provide ongoing personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up

Living with a neurological condition can be a significant and long-lasting challenge. It requires a constant effort to manage symptoms, adapt to their limitations, and seek comfort and function despite ongoing neurological issues. Medical cannabis may provide hope for those dealing with conditions like epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and neuropathic pain when other treatments have failed to provide relief.

Medicinal cannabis, under the guidance of experienced healthcare professionals, can offer people new possibilities for people with neurological conditions to improve their quality of life and manage symptoms. Polln's compassionate team is here to assist every step of the way. Book a consultation today to see if plant medicine could be right for you. 

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effect

Neurological Conditions: FAQ

Can multiple sclerosis be cured?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological condition with no known cure at present. While there is no cure for MS, various treatments aim to manage its symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve patients' quality of life. Medicinal cannabis, particularly formulations containing both THC and CBD, has shown promise in alleviating some MS symptoms, such as pain, muscle spasms, and spasticity in some patients.

However, it should be viewed as a complementary therapy rather than a cure. Research on the long-term effects and optimal use of medicinal cannabis for MS is ongoing, and its effectiveness can vary from person to person. Individuals with MS should work closely with healthcare professionals to develop comprehensive treatment plans tailored to their specific needs and conditions.

Do Parkinson's symptoms come and go? 

Parkinson's disease is characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms, and their presentation can indeed fluctuate, with periods of symptom exacerbation (known as "on" periods) followed by relative relief (known as "off" periods). These fluctuations are often a result of the interplay between the disease progression and the effectiveness of Parkinson's medications, particularly levodopa.

Some people may experience the "wearing-off" phenomenon, where the medication's effects diminish before the next dose, leading to a return of symptoms. Medicinal cannabis, particularly formulations containing both THC and CBD, has been explored as a potential adjunct therapy to help manage Parkinson's symptoms during "off" periods, offering relief from issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia in some patients. 

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Living with a sleep disorder, such as insomnia or restless legs syndrome, can be an exhausting and frustrating experience. These conditions disrupt our natural sleep rhythms, meaning we not only don’t get enough sleep — but the sleep we do get tends to be poor quality too. The effects of bad sleep go beyond just feeling tired. Sleep disorders can cause difficulties concentrating, mood swings, lowered immune function, and a higher risk of illnesses.

Insomnia treatment can be challenging too due to the many reasons why sleep problems happen. Stress, poor sleep hygiene habits, and medical and psychological conditions can all cause sleep issues. The duration and severity of your sleep disorders also play a role in how to manage them, with chronic cases often requiring more comprehensive or holistic treatment options.

Medicinal cannabis has shown promise as a potential natural and lower-risk option for some people with insomnia. The natural compounds found in cannabis plants, cannabinoids THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) plus terpenes, interact with the body's endocannabinoid system to help regulate sleep and other bodily functions.

Learn more about how medical cannabis may help with sleep disorders in some patients and discover options for accessing medicinal cannabis in Australia.

Understanding Sleep Disorders

Insomnia and other sleep disorders are conditions that disrupt normal sleep patterns, making it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or achieve good quality sleep. Many factors, including stress, medical conditions, lifestyle habits, or even genetic factors can cause sleep disorders.

Some common sleep disorders include insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy.

People with insomnia face ongoing challenges in falling asleep or maintaining sleep, and are often accompanied by stress or anxiety.

Restless legs syndrome also causes disrupted sleep, however sleep difficulties are caused by uncomfortable leg sensations and uncontrollable urges to move the legs.

Instead of trouble sleeping at night, narcolepsy causes sudden, uncontrollable episodes of daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy can also cause sudden muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by emotions, like laughter or surprise. Additionally, narcoleptics can experience vivid hallucinations  (also known as hypnopompic hallucinations) upon falling.

Effective management and treatment of sleep disorders requires accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plans. Want to know more about sleep disorders? Talk to a doctor, like one of our helpful Polln specialists, to receive a comprehensive assessment and achieve better sleep.

Why is Poor Sleep Such a Problem?

With how busy our daily lives can be, it’s easy to underestimate how important sleep is for our physical, mental, and emotional well-being. 

During sleep, our bodies undergo essential processes that help repair tissue, strengthen our immune system, and regulate hormones. Additionally, sleep is vital for memory consolidation, learning, and problem-solving, allowing us to process and make sense of the information we encounter throughout the day.

Getting enough sleep also stabilises mood and emotional resilience. Ongoing sleep deprivation (like what you would experience with chronic insomnia) has been associated with heightened stress levels and an increased susceptibility to mental health disorders.

Poor sleep can even affect our physical health and increase our risk of chronic conditions like obesity and diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Polln Doctor, Dr Melissa Catanzarite, MBBS believes that sleep is the single most significant component of our self care. “Sleep is the real miracle drug; it promotes healing, emotional stability and even weight loss. Without sleep we struggle to have meaningful interactions with those we love, our creativity is dampened or ceases altogether and we are at more risk for significant health disorders.

A person can take all of the medications, supplements and yoga classes in the world and their health will not improve until they prioritise sleep.”

Challenges of Traditional Sleep Disorder Treatments

Conventional treatments for sleep disorders that rely on pharmaceutical interventions (sometimes called “sleeping pills”) or behavioural therapies can be challenging for patients due to their possible side effects, dependency concerns, and varying levels of effectiveness.

While behavioural therapies, like cognitive behavioural therapy, can be effective drug-free insomnia treatment options, they require commitment and patience as they often involve making long-term changes to sleep habits and routines.

Prescription sleep aids, like benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, on the other hand, help insomnia by boosting the calming effects of various brain chemicals. However, these medications are typically recommended for short-term use. 

Prolonged or excessive use of prescription sleep aids can lead to tolerance, where the effectiveness of the drug diminishes over time, or drug dependence. Additionally, when individuals stop using these medications after extended use, they may experience rebound insomnia, where their sleep problems worsen again.

Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics can also lead to issues such as daytime drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and an increased likelihood of accidents or falls, particularly among older adults.

There is a significant need for natural sleep aids. Some alternatives include medical cannabis, relaxation exercises, and improved sleeping habits, such as taking daily exercises, reducing caffeine and alcohol intake, and making changes to your sleeping environment to promote better sleep hygiene.

Medicinal Cannabis and Insomnia, Restless Leg Syndrome, and Narcolepsy

Research has demonstrated the efficacy of medical cannabis in treating certain sleep disorders, including insomnia, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy in some patients. Studies have shown that the natural compounds found in cannabis, such as CBD and THC, can influence our sleep patterns to potentially provide us with a better night’s sleep.

CBD, or CBD oil, for instance, may act as a natural sleep medicine due to it’s calming properties and may help people with anxiety-related insomnia or restless leg syndrome.

Medicinal cannabis has been shown to help manage the following sleep disorders:

• Insomnia: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterised by difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.While treating insomnia can be complicated in some cases, research suggests that medical cannabis can help people with insomnia fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly. 

In one study, 71% of patients using cannabis products for sleep reported improved sleep, with 39% reducing and/or discontinuing their prescription sleep medication.

• Restless legs syndrome (RLS): Medical cannabis may help to reduce the symptoms of RLS, such as the urge to move the legs and relieve associated discomfort or pain.

A small 2017 study showed that medical cannabis was able to reduce symptoms of RLS. All participants noted an improvement in their sleep after treatment was completed. What’s more, the patients described medicinal cannabis products as the most effective sleep aid and the best-tolerated treatment.

• Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy is characterised by sudden episodes of daytime sleepiness and can lead to sudden loss of muscle control (cataplexy), hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.

Medical cannabis may help to reduce the symptoms of narcolepsy, such as excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings.

How Medical Cannabis May Support as a Natural Sleep Aid

Medical cannabis may help treat sleep disorders due to its interaction with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS plays an important role in regulating various bodily functions, including sleep.

The ECS has been found to influence sleep-wake cycles, sleep duration, and sleep quality through its modulation of neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain. Cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, may influence the quality and duration of sleep in some patients by:

• Reducing Anxiety: CBD as a sleep aid may provide insomnia relief for some patients. CBD has anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) properties that may help alleviate anxiety and stress, common contributors to sleep disorders like insomnia.

• Promoting Relaxation: Both THC and CBD have muscle relaxant and sedative properties, potentially aiding in relaxation and promoting sleep onset.

• Regulating REM Sleep: THC has been shown to suppress REM sleep, which could be beneficial for those with conditions like nightmares or REM sleep behaviour disorder. Interestingly, reduced REM sleep has been linked to early onset dementia and cognitive decline; however, CBD and THC together may allow for more REM, potentially protecting brain health for some people.
  
  
• Pain Relief: Medical cannabis may alleviate pain in some patients, which is often a contributing factor to sleep disorders. By reducing pain, it may facilitate better sleep.

Therapeutic Effects of Medical Cannabis for Sleep

When considering medical cannabis for sleep, it's essential to consult a doctor before starting a treatment course. Your practitioner can help you assess the potential risks and benefits, and decide if medical cannabis aligns with your sleep disorder and overall health needs.

Medical cannabis offers several therapeutic effects that may set it apart from other sleep medications:

• Effective: Medical cannabis has been shown to improve sleep quality, reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, and increase the duration of deep, restorative sleep, offering a comprehensive approach to addressing sleep disorders for some patients.

• Natural: Unlike many traditional sleep medications, medical cannabis is derived from the cannabis plant, making it a natural alternative that may appeal to those seeking a plant-based remedy without the side effects associated with some synthetic drugs.

• Relaxing: The compounds in medical cannabis, particularly CBD, have shown potential for inducing relaxation and reducing anxiety in some patients. By promoting a sense of calm, medical cannabis can contribute to more tranquil sleep for those dealing with stress-related sleep disturbances.

• Less Side Effects: Compared to some pharmaceutical interventions, medical cannabis may have fewer side effects for some patients, particularly when used responsibly and under medical supervision. This can be appealing for those concerned about adverse reactions and dependency associated with traditional sleep medications.

Risks of Medical Cannabis for Sleep

When deciding on any kind of  medication, it's important to acknowledge any possible risks alongside potential benefits.

Some risks of medicinal cannabis for sleep include potential side effects such as dizziness, dry mouth, and cognitive impairment, as well as the risk of developing tolerance, and dependence. Additionally, the psychoactive nature of THC, may not be suitable for people with mood disorders, like bipolar or schizophrenia.

A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you navigate these risks and benefits to help you make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis is a safe and effective option for you.

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

We understand that living with sleep disorders can be incredibly challenging, affecting your daily life and overall well-being. That's why Polln offers a natural alternative to sleep medications when conventional treatments have failed to provide relief.

With Polln, we prioritise your needs by providing convenient and supportive services. You can easily book appointments online, including same-day, after-hours, and weekend appointments. We offer comprehensive 30-minute video consultations with specialised doctors, all from the comfort of your home.

If you receive a prescription, we've made it hassle-free to order your medications through our Polln pharmacy portal, with express delivery available Australia-wide. Following your appointment, our dedicated Care Team continues to provide personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

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Make an appointment with a Polln doctor today. Book now. 

The Wrap Up

Sleep disorders can have a profound impact on both our physical and mental well-being, disrupting our natural sleep patterns and significantly influencing our overall health and quality of life. Traditional treatments, though effective for some, can come with some challenging side effects like dependence or rebound insomnia, and might not but suitable for everything.

Medical cannabis provides a safer, natural, sleep aid option. By interacting with the endocannabinoid system, it can help improve sleep, reduce anxiety, promote relaxation, and even regulate REM sleep. Even though medicinal cannabis has fewer side effects than other sleep medications, it’s still important to consult with a healthcare professional, like one of our Polln specialists, to weigh the risks and benefits and decide if plant medicine sleep aids are right for you.

Medicinal Cannabis and Sleep FAQ

What is the most effective natural sleep aid?

One natural sleep aid is medicinal cannabis. While the effectiveness and safety of medicinal cannabis as a sleep aid can vary from person to person, there is a growing body of research suggesting medical cannabis may improve sleep quality, reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, and increase the duration of deep and restorative sleep.

Medicinal cannabis contains compounds called cannabinoids, such as CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. This system plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, including sleep. CBD, in particular, has been studied for its potential to promote relaxation and alleviate anxiety in some patients, both of which can contribute to better sleep.

Several studies have indicated that CBD may help some individuals with insomnia or other sleep disorders. It's believed to have a calming effect on the mind, helping to ease racing thoughts and create a more conducive environment for falling asleep. Additionally, some individuals have reported experiencing longer periods of deep sleep and improved sleep continuity when using CBD as a sleep aid.

It's worth noting that other natural sleep aids, such as meditation, hypnotherapy, and melatonin, are also recognised for their potential in promoting restful sleep. Different individuals may find varying degrees of effectiveness with these options, and it's advisable to explore what works best for your individual needs and preferences.

Can you become dependent on sleep aids?

Yes, it is possible to become dependent on sleep aids, including medicinal cannabis. Both over-the-counter and prescription sleep aids, as well as natural remedies like medicinal cannabis, can lead to physical and psychological dependence if used improperly or for an extended period.

• Prescription Sleep Aids: Prescription medications like benzodiazepines and certain non-benzodiazepine drugs can effectively treat sleep disorders, but they carry the risk of dependence. Tolerance can develop over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking the medication.
  
  
• Over-the-Counter and Natural Sleep Aids: Even over-the-counter sleep aids, including herbal supplements, and natural options like medicinal cannabis can also lead to dependence. Using these aids regularly can create a psychological reliance on them to induce sleep.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: While medicinal cannabis  has shown potential for improving sleep, prolonged and indiscriminate use can also lead to dependence. Regular use might lead to the body adapting to its effects, potentially requiring higher doses to achieve the desired sleep benefits. Learn more. 

With over 450 medicinal cannabis products available in Australia in 2023, whether you’re an experienced medicinal cannabis patient or completely new to this method of treatment, it can be difficult to wrap your head around all of the different medications available on the market.

When looking for a medicinal cannabis clinic or doctor, it’s important to know that some clinics or doctors only prescribe a limited range, or sometimes even a specific brand, of medications or medicinal cannabis products. At Polln, we’re proudly product-agnostic, always. Product-agnostic means that our doctors can freely prescribe medication with your needs in mind, and aren’t bound to prescribing medications from certain brands. When doctors have a choice over what medications they prescribe, it ensures that patients receive appropriate, unbiased, and effective treatments that are best suited to their needs and concerns. 

At Polln, our doctors are continuously learning and referencing Australian clinical guidance, educational materials, and professional development programs to ensure that they are up to date with the latest developments in medicinal cannabis products and technology. What’s more, every Polln doctor is an Authorised Prescriber and has undergone extensive training in medicinal cannabis prescribing in order to guarantee the most effective treatments for their patients’ unique conditions and symptoms. 

What Types of Medicinal Cannabis Products are Available in Australia? 

In Australia, the following types of medicinal cannabis products are currently available and permitted for prescription under the Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA): 

Flower 

Dried medicinal cannabis flower is the most classic form of medicinal cannabis that is consumed via vaporisation – more on this below. 

Oils 

Medicinal Cannabis oils are liquid extracts that are derived from the cannabis plant. They can be ingested orally or sublingually. More information on the different ways to consume medicinal cannabis below. 

Wafers

Wafers are small tablet-like medications that are administered sublingually (dissolved under the tongue). 

Capsules 

Capsules are medicinal cannabis products that are enclosed in a capsule and designed to be consumed in oral dosage forms.

Topical Products 

Topical products such as creams and gels are products that are formulated with cannabinoids (such as CBD and THC) and are designed to be applied directly to the skin. 

Sprays

Sprays are another form of medicinal cannabis that are designed to be consumed orally. Sprays are intended to provide both precise and controlled dosing of medicinal cannabis. 

Vape Cartridges

Also known as vape carts, vape cartridges are pre-filled cartridges designed for use with a vape pen. 

How Do I Know What Medicinal Cannabis Product Is Right For Me? 

Because medicinal cannabis works differently for everyone and has different onset, reactions and response times for each individual, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. 

A doctor at a product-agnostic clinic, like Polln, will work closely with you, evaluating your condition and needs, to determine what medicinal cannabis product will be most effective for you. Being a product-agnostic clinic means that your Polln doctor can prescribe any legal medications available in Australia for medical purposes. Our doctors take the guesswork out of determining what medicinal cannabis product is right for you and your needs. They will review your unique situation closely to come up with a completely personalised treatment plan that best suits your lifestyle, condition, and needs. 

To get started, book a consultation with one of our experts, or take our free eligibility quiz to find out if medicinal cannabis could be the right treatment method for you. 

What Are the Different Ways Medicinal Cannabis Treatments Can Be Administered? 

Medicinal cannabis can be delivered to the body in a number of different ways, depending on the individual needs of a patient. Each method will impact how the cannabis compounds are absorbed, distributed, and metabolised around the body differently. 

Five approved methods for consumption of medicinal cannabis in Australia include: 

Inhalation

Inhalation, including vaping, is the process of heating the cannabis plant at a high heat and allowing the cannabinoids and terpenes to be released in the form of a vapour, which is then inhaled. Smoking medical cannabis would also fall under this category, however smoking is not a recommended consumption method, more about that here.

Ingestion 

Ingestion involves the oral consumption of any medicinal cannabis treatment, such as edibles, tinctures, oils, capsules, and extracts. 

Sublingual 

The sublingual method involves placing the medicinal cannabis treatment, such as a wafer, lozenge, tablet, oil, or spray, under the tongue. This allows for the active ingredients to be absorbed directly into the vessels of your tongue and bypass the digestive system. 

Topical 

The topical application of medicinal cannabis involves directly applying the products directly to the skin. The topical method provides localised relief from inflammation, pain, skin irritations and more. It comes in a variety of forms, such as balms, lotions, creams, salves and patches. 

Suppositories 

Suppositories offer a targeted dose of cannabinoids to a localised area that can help to facilitate higher absorption rates in the body. For this method, medicinal cannabis is provided in a solid form and is inserted into either the rectum or vagina. 

To determine which method of consumption will be most appropriate for you and your therapeutic needs, it is important you have a discussion with a doctor who specialises in medicinal cannabis and has a strong understanding of your condition and symptoms.

Want more information on the different methods of medicinal cannabis consumption? Head on over to Polln’s Medicinal Cannabis Library for more. 

What Categories of Medicinal Cannabis Are Available in Australia? 

The TGA classifies medicinal cannabis into five different categories that look at the amount of cannabidiol (CBD) within the medicine. These different categories help to ensure that patients have access to appropriate treatments and that prescribing doctors can maintain appropriate safety and quality standards in their treatment plans. 

Doctors at product-agnostic clinics like Polln will have access to a range of medications across the categories to offer patients truly personalised and customisable care.

The five different categories are as follows:

Category 1: CBD Medicinal Cannabis Product (CBD >98%) 

Medicinal cannabis products included in Category 1 are Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine (aka Schedule 4 Poison). In order to obtain a Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine, patients require a prescription. 

To be classified as Category 1, cannabidiol must comprise 98% or more of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine. Any other cannabinoids found in the medicine (with the exception of cannabidiol) must be naturally found in cannabis and equal to 2% or less of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine. The medicine must not contain any other active ingredients

Category 2: CBD Dominant Medicinal Cannabis Product (CBD >60% and <98%) 

Medicinal cannabis products included in Category 2 are Schedule 8 Controlled Drugs (aka Schedule 8 Poison). Schedule 8 Controlled Drugs are medicines with strict legislative controls, including opioid analgesics. 

To be classified as Category 2, cannabidiol derived from cannabis must comprise between 60-98% of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine, and other cannabinoids (such as THC) derived from cannabis must comprise the remaining cannabinoid content of the medicine. The medicine must not contain any other active ingredients. 

Category 3: Balanced Medicinal Cannabis Product (CBD <60% and >40%) 

Medicinal cannabis products included in Category 3 are Schedule 8 Controlled Drugs. 

To be classified as Category 3, cannabidiol must comprise between 40-60% of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine. Other cannabinoids (including THC) must comprise the remaining cannabinoid content of the medicine, and the medicine must not contain any other active ingredients. 

Category 4: THC Dominant Medicinal Cannabis Product (THC 60-98%) 

Medicinal cannabis products included in Category 4 are Schedule 8 Controlled Drugs. 

To be classified as Category 4, other cannabinoids (including THC) must comprise between 60-98% of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine. Cannabidiol derived from cannabis must comprise between 2-40% of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine, and the medicine must not contain any other active ingredients. 

Category 5: THC Medicinal Cannabis Product (THC >98%) 

Medicinal cannabis products included in Category 5 are Schedule 8 controlled drugs. 

To be classified as Category 5, cannabinoids (other than CBD) in the medicine are only those naturally found in cannabis. They must comprise 98% or more of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine, and CBD must comprise less than 2% of the total cannabinoid content of the medicine. The medicine must not contain any other active ingredients. 

At Polln, we pride ourselves on our doctors’ ability to prescribe any category of medicinal cannabis that is legally available in Australia. Because Polln is a proudly product-agnostic clinic, our doctors aren’t restricted to prescribing products or medications from just one brand. Instead, you can expect fully personalised treatment plans, optimised for you. 

What Is a Product-Agnostic Clinic? 

A product-agnostic clinic is one that provides recommendations and guidance on all legally available medicinal cannabis treatments. Doctors at product-agnostic clinics have the freedom to prescribe the medication that they think is best of the patient, without being incentivised or restricted to prescribing a certain medication or brand. 

With clinics that are not product-agnostic, patients may only have access to a limited range of medications that may not be an appropriate fit.

A product-agnostic clinic will focus on evaluating the patient’s medical history, current condition and needs, in order to create a completely personalised treatment plan. This plan may include various different forms of medicinal cannabis from a range of different manufacturers, suppliers, and brands. 

At Polln, we pride ourselves and our doctors on being completely product agnostic - always. This means that our doctors are able to prescribe any medication that is legally available in Australia, provided that they deem it medically fit to do so. Our doctors are not incentivised to promote or prescribe certain brands of medications, instead, they are motivated by their desire to help you, our patients, to achieve better health. 

The Importance of Receiving Treatment From a Product-Agnostic Clinic

Your care should be at the forefront of your care provider's mind, and you should have access to bias-free recommendations and products. 

When searching for a medicinal cannabis clinic that’s right for you, we recommend looking for a product-agnostic clinic that provides: 

Unbiased Recommendations 

Clinics that prioritise patient health and well-being over promoting specific products are more likely to deliver unbiased recommendations to their patients. Recommendations should be based on the patient’s medical condition, research, and the clinical expertise of the prescribing doctor, rather than financial incentives from specific cannabis product manufacturers. 

Access to Experts

A 2019 survey of Australian GPs showed that a large portion of Australian doctors felt uneducated about medicinal cannabis access pathways, available cannabis products, and the evidence supporting the prescription of medicinal cannabis. 

Here at Polln, every single one of our doctors has completed advanced training in medicinal cannabis and medicinal cannabis prescribing – so you know you’re in safe hands. What’s more, all of our doctors is an Authorised Prescriber (or is on their way to becoming one). 

Access to a Wide Range of Products and Brands

At product-agnostic clinics like Polln, doctors don’t have vested interests in promoting specific products or brands. This means that you receive unbiased treatment recommendations that are based solely on your needs and enables you to access any medical cannabis treatments that are available in Australia. 

Personalised Care Plans and Patient-Centric Care 

Here at Polln, we know that no two patients are the same. As such, it’s important that your doctor understands that different patients may respond differently to different medicinal cannabis products. A clinic that is product-agnostic will tailor a highly personalised treatment plan that suits your individual needs – not offer you a one-size-fits all plan or product. 

Evidence-Based Approach to Treatment 

A trustworthy clinic will rely on the latest scientific research and studies to guide their recommendations and prescriptions, not their allegiance with a particular brand or manufacturer. Studies show that access to current research, resources, and guides may assist in optimal clinical decision-making and beneficial patient-healthcare practitioner discussions. This approach works to ensure that patients are receiving evidence-based treatments that are more likely to be effective. 

Ongoing Clinical Support 

At Polln, you’ll feel supported every step of the way with complimentary post-consultation care from our Clinical Nurse team, plus ongoing support from our dedicated Care Team. Whether you’ve got a question about what medicinal cannabis products are available to you, how to administer your medicine, or how to fill your prescription, we’re here to help you. 

Transparent Pricing

Any reputable clinic should believe in full transparency when it comes to their pricing. As part of our commitment to transparency, trust and care here at Polln, you’ll never have to pay dispensing fees or be charged above the RRP for your treatments. Why? It’s the Polln price guarantee. 

How to Find a Product-Agnostic Doctor in Australia 

To speak to a product-agnostic doctor in Australia who has your best interests as their top priority, sign up as a Polln patient today and book an appointment with one of our expert cannabis clinicians.

Dealing with cancer is an incredibly challenging journey, not only for patients but for their loved ones too. Chemotherapy, while effective in targeting cancer cells, often brings along a slew of daunting side effects that can make treatment even more difficult. Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and rashes, or diarrhoea are just a few of the additional issues that chemotherapy patients face.

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Chemotherapy-induced side effects are notoriously challenging to manage. Standard medications used to reduce them don’t always provide effective relief, and can even create additional complications. In recent years, studies have shown that medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), has emerged as a promising alternative that holds potential in mitigating some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy.

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This natural approach to symptom management has been gaining recognition within both the patient community and the medical field. Under the supervision of a medical professional, the therapeutic cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis may offer relief from nausea, vomiting, pain, and other debilitating symptoms associated with chemotherapy for some patients.

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If you or a loved one are undergoing chemotherapy and have not found effective relief through conventional therapies, our dedicated Polln doctors are here to guide you through this therapeutic option, ensuring that you receive the care and support you need throughout your journey towards better health and quality of life.

What are chemotherapy side effects?

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Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are effective in targeting cancerous cells in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, leukaemia, and many others. However, chemotherapy can also cause a range of short term and long term side effects due to its impact on healthy cells and tissues in the body.

These side effects can vary in severity from person to person and depend on the specific chemotherapy drugs used. Some common chemotherapy side effects include:

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• Nausea and Vomiting: Chemotherapy is often designed to be toxic to cancer cells, this can trigger nausea  nausea and vomiting. These symptoms can be acute (occurring shortly after treatment) or delayed (occurring days after treatment). Anti-nausea medications are often prescribed to manage these symptoms.
  
  
• Fatigue: Chemotherapy-induced fatigue is a common side effect that can have a debilitating effect on a patient’s quality of life. It’s more than just “feeling tired”, Chemotherapy-induced fatigue  can feel mentally and physically exhausted. This fatigue can persist for weeks or even months after treatment.
  
  
• Hair Loss: Many chemotherapy drugs can cause hair loss, including hair on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes. Hair usually grows back after treatment ends.
  
  
• Loss of Appetite and Weight Changes: Chemotherapy can affect the sense of taste and appetite, leading to weight loss or gain.
  
  
• Mouth Sores: Chemotherapy can cause mouth sores and mucositis, making it painful to eat or drink.
  
  
• Digestive Issues: Patients may experience diarrhoea, constipation, or other gastrointestinal problems during chemotherapy.
  
  
• Skin Changes: Skin may become dry, itchy, or sensitive to sunlight. Some chemotherapy drugs can cause rashes or skin discolouration.
  
  
• Cognitive Changes: Some people undergoing chemotherapy report cognitive changes often referred to as "chemo brain." This can involve memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and mental fogginess./
  
  
• Peripheral Neuropathy: Some chemotherapy drugs can damage peripheral nerves, causing symptoms like tingling, numbness, or pain in the hands and feet.
  
  
• Emotional and Psychological Effects: Coping with cancer and its treatment can lead to emotional distress, stress and anxiety, depression, and changes in mood.

How Can Medical cannabis Potentially Help Manage Chemotherapy Side Effects?

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Medical cannabis has shown promise in alleviating several chemotherapy-induced side effects. The potential benefits of medical cannabis in managing these side effects are mostly attributed to its active compounds called cannabinoids, primarily delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. 

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Here's how medical cannabis may help some patients with chemotherapy side effects:

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• Nausea and Vomiting: Medical cannabis, particularly THC, has antiemetic properties that may help reduce nausea and vomiting in some patients. It can potentially support patients who do not respond well to traditional anti-nausea medications.

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• Appetite Stimulation: Medical cannabis may help stimulate appetite, addressing chemotherapy-induced loss of appetite and weight loss. This can be particularly important for maintaining nutritional status during cancer treatment.

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• Pain Management: Medical cannabis has analgesic (pain-relieving) properties and may be effective in managing chemotherapy-related pain for some patients, including nerve pain (neuropathy) and bone pain.

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• Anxiety and Stress: Chemotherapy can cause anxiety and emotional distress. CBD, a non-psychoactive component of medicinal cannabis, has anxiolytic properties and may help reduce anxiety and improve mood for some patients.

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• Sleep Improvement: Medical cannabis may aid in improving sleep quality for some patients experiencing insomnia or sleep disturbances due to chemotherapy.

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• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Medical cannabis has anti-inflammatory properties that may potentially reduce inflammation for some patients and alleviate symptoms related to chemotherapy-induced mucositis and skin issues.

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• Neuropathy Relief: Some patients develop peripheral neuropathy as a side effect of chemotherapy. Medicinal cannabis may help manage neuropathic pain and discomfort.

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• Reduced Use of Opioids: By providing effective pain relief for some patients, medical cannabis may reduce the need for opioid medications, which can have significant side effects and risks of dependence.

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• Anti-Spasticity: In cases where chemotherapy-related muscle spasms or spasticity occur, medical cannabis may provide relief. By relaxing muscle contractions and reducing the intensity and frequency of spasms, medical cannabis may improve comfort and mobility for some individuals undergoing cancer treatment.

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• Combination Therapy: Medical cannabis may be used in conjunction with other medications to manage side effects. This can lead to a more well-rounded and personalised treatment approach.

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Remember: the use of medical cannabis in cancer care is a topic of ongoing research, and its effectiveness and potential risks and side effects can vary from person to person. Medicinal cannabis is not a primary treatment for cancer and cannot cure cancer.

Additionally, the choice of cannabis products, dosages, and administration methods should be carefully considered and discussed with a healthcare provider, like one of our Polln doctors, experienced in medical cannabis use to ensure safety and optimal results.

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Chemotherapy Side- Effects

While medical cannabis shows promise in managing some chemotherapy side effects, it is important to understand potential risks and side effects associated with its use.

The impact of medical cannabis can vary depending on individual factors, the specific cannabis products employed, and the method of consumption. Here are some possible risks to consider when using medical cannabis for chemotherapy side effects:

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• Psychological Effects: Medicinal cannabis products with high levels of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the intoxicating compound in cannabis, can induce psychological side effects. These may include anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and impaired cognitive function. Individuals with a history of mental health conditions, such as anxiety or schizophrenia, may be at greater risk of experiencing these side effects.

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• Dependency and Withdrawal: Long-term, consistent use of medical cannabis, particularly those with high THC content, can lead to dependence. Attempting to reduce or cease medical cannabis use may result in withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, mood swings, insomnia, and loss of appetite.

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• Impaired Cognitive Function: Medical cannabis can impair cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and decision-making. This may raise concerns, particularly for individuals needing mental sharpness for tasks like driving or operating heavy machinery.

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• Interaction with Medications: Medical cannabis has the potential to interact with certain medications, either by enhancing or diminishing their efficacy. Individuals using medications should consult healthcare professionals to assess potential interactions before incorporating medical cannabis into their regimen.

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• Potential Adverse Effects on Chemotherapy Side Effects: While medical cannabis may offer relief to some chemotherapy patients, it may not be suitable for everyone. In some cases, it might exacerbate side effects such as nausea, vomiting, or underlying digestive issues.

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When considering medical cannabis as a complementary therapy for chemotherapy side effects, remember to talk to a knowledgeable doctor about the risks and benefits before starting a course of treatment.

A specialty practitioner, like our Polln doctors, can provide guidance on whether medical cannabis is an appropriate option, assist in selecting the right dosage and strain, and closely monitor for potential side effects or interactions with existing medications.

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Managing the side effects of chemotherapy can be a difficult and sometimes overwhelming journey. At Polln, our specialised approach to medicinal cannabis care is dedicated to helping you improve your quality of life during cancer treatment when conventional medications may not provide relief.

Our specialised approach to medicinal cannabis care offers appointments online with same-day, after-hours, and weekend appointments available, and provides in-depth 30-minute video consultation so you can attend all appointments from home. After receiving your prescriptions, you can order your medications via our Polln pharmacy portal, and access express delivery Australia-wide.

We understand that your journey through chemotherapy is unique, and we believe in providing comprehensive support every step of the way. Our dedicated Care Team is here to offer you compassionate, ongoing assistance. We offer complimentary nurse check-ins to monitor your progress and address any questions or concerns you may have during your treatment. Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up

Cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy, can be incredibly challenging and is often accompanied by many distressing side effects that can affect patients and their loved ones. Nausea, vomiting, pain, and the many other issues that come with chemotherapy can be overwhelming. Conventional treatments may not always provide sufficient relief and can even introduce new complications.

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While there is still much more research to be done, medicinal cannabis may provide some people with a natural alternative for chemotherapy side-effect management. By harnessing cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, medicinal cannabis may offer relief from a wide range of symptoms, helping make cancer treatment more bearable for some patients.

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If you or a loved one is navigating chemotherapy, our compassionate Polln doctors are here to help alongside you, discussing the potential benefits of this therapeutic option. We're committed to ensuring you receive the care and support you need throughout your journey toward improved health and an enhanced quality of life.

Chemotherapy Side Effects FAQ

How to minimise chemotherapy side effects? 

There are many ways to minimise chemotherapy side effects. Firstly, open communication with your treatment team and oncologist is essential, as they can tailor your treatment plan and prescribe different natural and conventional medications to manage symptoms effectively.

In recent years, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a promising addition to potentially help alleviate various chemotherapy side effects, including nausea, vomiting, pain, and loss of appetite. Consulting with a healthcare provider experienced in medical cannabis can help you explore its potential benefits while ensuring safe and effective use alongside traditional treatments.

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Maintaining a balanced diet, staying hydrated, managing pain, and incorporating supportive therapies like exercise, psychological support, and complementary therapies can further enhance your ability to cope with chemotherapy side effects. 

How to help chemo nausea?

Managing chemotherapy-induced nausea can be a challenging aspect of cancer treatment, but there are several strategies to help alleviate this discomfort. Your treatment team and oncologist can prescribe anti-nausea medications (antiemetics) tailored to your specific needs.

Additionally, you may want to consider discussing the use of medicinal cannabis with a healthcare provider experienced in its administration. Some patients find that cannabis, particularly formulations with THC, can be helpful in reducing nausea. However, it's essential to ensure legal and safe access and consult a healthcare professional for guidance.

Incorporating complementary approaches like acupressure wristbands, ginger, dietary adjustments, and mind-body techniques can also provide relief. These methods, combined with staying hydrated, avoiding triggers, and staying informed about your treatment plan, can help you cope with nausea and improve your overall quality of life.

Digestive problems, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), can cause discomfort and frustration. These conditions often lead to unpredictable bouts of pain, bloating, and bowel irregularities, making everyday activities a challenge.

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Digestive problems, medically known as gastrointestinal conditions, are disorders and ailments that affect the digestive system, which includes the stomach and small and large intestines. Common gastrointestinal conditions include IBS, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticulitis.

Conventional treatments for gut problems often include a mix of traditional pharmaceutical medications, lifestyle changes, and dietary restrictions. However, these solutions don’t always provide relief, are hard to maintain, or may come with unwanted side effects.

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Medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), is gaining scientific recognition for its potential to manage symptoms associated with digestive problems in some patients. It’s been shown to help some patients with inflammation and pain, or even help with uncomfortable symptoms like diarrhoea, constipation and nausea. 

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Medicinal cannabis may help some people improve their gut health naturally and provide a natural treatment alternative for conditions like IBS and IBD. 

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Read on to explore the science behind medicinal cannabis and digestive problems, and how you can explore plant medicine in Australia.

What are gastrointestinal diseases? 

Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, also called digestive disorders, are a wide range of medical issues that affect the digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

These conditions can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system, leading to a variety of uncomfortable symptoms and health complications. Digestive conditions can arise from a myriad of causes, including genetic predisposition, infections, dietary factors, autoimmune responses, and lifestyle choices.

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Diagnosis, treatment, and management of digestive conditions can be exhausting and time-consuming. It can be difficult to get a diagnosis quickly, as many gastrointestinal conditions share many of the same symptoms. In fact, people with IBS can wait up to four years to get a diagnosis.

Effective condition management often requires a collaborative effort among healthcare professionals specialising in gastroenterology, nutrition, and other relevant fields, like medicinal cannabis specialists. Gastroenterologists are experts in diagnosing and treating these conditions, utilising a combination of clinical evaluations, imaging tests, and laboratory assessments to pinpoint the issue accurately. 

Types of Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions 

Digestive conditions encompass a wide spectrum of disorders that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system, ranging from common issues like acid reflux to more complex conditions such as irritable bowel disease (IBS) or Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Some common gastrointestinal conditions include:

• Acid Reflux (GERD): Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation.
  
  
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or a combination of both.
  
  
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): IBD includes conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

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• Diverticulitis: This condition occurs when small pouches (diverticula) in the colon become inflamed or infected, causing abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Medicinal cannabis may help some people manage acute pain, but patients will typically need antibiotics to treat diverticulitis.

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• Gastroenteritis: Commonly referred to as "stomach flu," gastroenteritis involves inflammation of the stomach and intestines, leading to symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

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• Peptic Ulcers: These are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, often caused by infection with H. pylori bacteria or the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Medicinal Cannabis and Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions 

Medicinal cannabis may hold promise in providing some relief for a variety of gut symptoms associated with common gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. These symptoms can often disrupt daily life and diminish the quality of life for those affected.

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Medicinal cannabis may help some people:

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• Reduce Abdominal Pain:
  
  

Medicinal cannabis may help reduce abdominal pain for some patients, a common and distressing symptom found in numerous GI disorders, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Crohn's Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis.

By modulating pain perception and mitigating gut inflammation, medicinal cannabis may provide much-needed relief to those grappling with chronic abdominal discomfort. This relief can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals burdened by such symptoms.

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• Reduce Nausea and Vomiting:

Medicinal cannabis may  help reduce nausea and vomiting, which are common in gastrointestinal conditions such as IBS, gastroenteritis, and GERD. Compounds like THC found in medicinal cannabis have well-established anti-nausea properties, rendering it an effective resource for managing both acute and chronic nausea in some patients.

• Diarrhoea and Constipation:

In gastrointestinal (GI) conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), individuals often experience diarrhoea, constipation or both. Medicinal cannabis offers potential relief for some patients by aiding in the regulation of bowel movements.

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For those dealing with diarrhoea, certain cannabinoids found in medicinal cannabis can slow gut motility, potentially reducing the frequency of bowel movements. On the other hand, the muscle-relaxing properties of medical cannabis may be particularly beneficial in alleviating constipation, providing individuals with more comfortable and regular bowel function.

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• Appetite Stimulation:

Some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including conditions like Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Peptic Ulcers, can cause reduced appetite and weight loss. Medicinal cannabis is known for its ability to stimulate appetite in some patients, offering a potential solution for individuals struggling with adequate food intake.

• Manage Gut Inflammation:

Chronic gut inflammation is common in conditions like Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Crohn's Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis. Medicinal cannabis, known for its anti-inflammatory compounds, holds promise in addressing ongoing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract for some patients.\

By reducing inflammation, medicinal cannabis may contribute to the improvement of symptoms associated with these conditions, and may provide relief to some people struggling with their gut health.

Interestingly, as gastrointestinal conditions like IBS have been linked with anxiety depression, medicinal cannabis may support gut health but both reduce inflammation and reduce anxiety. 

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• Potentially Reduce Heartburn and Acid Reflux:

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is frequently associated with severe heartburn and discomfort. Although further research is required, there have been reports of individuals experiencing relief from GERD symptoms through the use of medicinal cannabis. While the efficacy of medicinal cannabis in managing GERD is an evolving area of study, it holds potential as a complementary approach to alleviate the discomfort associated with this condition.

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• Reduce Bloating and Gas:

Conditions like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Functional Dyspepsia can result in excessive gas and bloating. Medicinal cannabis may help reduce these symptoms by influencing gut motility in some patients.

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Remember: the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis in managing GI conditions can vary from person to person. Additionally, the use of medicinal cannabis should be approached cautiously. Make sure you discuss any potential plant medicine treatment plans with a knowledgeable healthcare professional to ensure that medicinal cannabis is right for you and your healthcare goals.

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions 

While not everyone will experience adverse effects, it's important to be aware of potential risks associated with medical cannabis for Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions:

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• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis might lead to cognitive effects, including impaired memory and concentration.

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• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Side effects, though potentially fewer than with traditional medications, still warrant careful consideration.

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• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The psychoactive nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. 

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A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you navigate possible risks and make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis could be right for you. 

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Living with gastrointestinal inflammation or an inflammatory gastrointestinal condition can be exceptionally challenging. That's why at Polln, our mission is to provide compassionate support to Australians seeking natural alternatives for digestive or gastrointestinal problems when other treatments have not provided adequate relief.

At Polln, we've streamlined the process of accessing care, making it convenient and stress-free for individuals dealing with these conditions. You can effortlessly schedule appointments online, with options available for same-day, after-hours, and weekend consultations to accommodate your schedule. Our unique 30-minute video consultations with specialised doctors can be conducted from the comfort of your own home.

If you receive a prescription, you have the convenience of ordering your prescribed medications through our Polln pharmacy portal, complete with the option for express delivery anywhere in Australia. Following your appointment, our dedicated Care Team is here to provide ongoing personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up

Gastrointestinal conditions can pose significant challenges, often causing discomfort and disrupting daily life. Medicinal cannabis emerges as a promising natural alternative for some individuals dealing with conditions, such as IBS and IBD. Research shows that medicinal cannabis may help some patients with a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including pain, nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, and appetite loss. 

At Polln, we're here to provide compassionate support to Australians seeking natural treatments. Ready to explore plant medicine? Book a consultation with a Polln doctor and take the first step towards a more comfortable life.

Medicinal Cannabis and Gastrointestinal Conditions — FAQs

What is the best medication for IBS?

The choice of medication for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) depends on the individual's specific symptoms and needs. For some, dietary modifications and lifestyle changes, such as increasing fibre intake and managing stress, may suffice. Others may benefit from over-the-counter medications like antispasmodics or antidiarrheal drugs to alleviate symptoms.

In more severe cases, prescription medications like low-dose antidepressants or medications targeting specific symptoms, such as constipation or diarrhoea, may be recommended by a healthcare provider. It's worth noting that medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD-rich products, has gained attention for its potential to alleviate IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain and discomfort, though more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy. Ultimately, the choice of medication, including the consideration of medicinal cannabis, should be made in consultation with a healthcare professional who can assess the individual's condition and tailor the treatment plan accordingly.

Is GERD curable permanently?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is typically considered a chronic condition, and a complete permanent cure may be challenging to achieve. However, it is manageable with a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and medications.

Lifestyle adjustments include elevating the head of the bed, avoiding large meals close to bedtime, and weight management. Medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can help reduce acid production and alleviate symptoms.

While some individuals have reported symptom relief with medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD, due to its potential anti-inflammatory and relaxing effects, more research is needed to establish its long-term efficacy and safety for GERD. It's essential for individuals with GERD to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a tailored treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and monitors their condition over time.

Chronic pain can be extremely challenging for patients, medical professionals, and caregivers. It significantly impacts not only the physical well-being of those experiencing it, but can also affect people’s emotional and psychological health.

Chronic pain is a complex condition that can be difficult to treat and manage long-term. Patients often live with seemingly relentless discomfort and frequent disruptions to their daily lives. That’s why it’s so important for medical professionals, like Polln doctors, to provide pain management plans that consider the individual's unique conditions and needs.

While traditional pharmaceutical pain medications, like opioids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have been the go-to solution for chronic pain in the past, they often come with undesirable side effects and the risk of dependence.

Medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here) is becoming more recognised by patients and the medical community for its potential to provide relief from chronic pain in some patients through a more natural approach. Read on to find out how medical cannabis may help manage chronic pain in some patients, understand the risk of medicinal cannabis treatments and how you can explore options for medicinal cannabis treatments in Australia.

Understanding Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is defined by persistent pain that lasts for 3 months or more. It’s characterised by persistent discomfort that extends beyond the expected time for healing, can lead to ongoing pain, and can affect your mobility, sleep, mental health and general quality of life.

Chronic pain can be caused by a multitude of underlying causes, ranging from medical conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathy to past injuries or surgeries. This complex interplay of factors can make chronic pain a challenging condition to manage effectively.

Medical professionals employ a variety of approaches to address chronic pain, including medications, physical therapy, and even psychological interventions like cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Beyond its immediate physical effects, chronic pain can lead to emotional distress, such as anxiety and depression, as people deal with the ongoing discomfort, and limitations on their activities, personal relationships and social connections.

Recognizing the multifaceted nature of chronic pain, support networks, including healthcare providers, family, and friends, play a crucial role in providing both practical assistance and emotional encouragement to those navigating the challenges of persistent pain.

Chronic Pain: Types of Pain

Chronic pain is not experienced in the same way by everyone. It can manifest in various sensations, including aching, burning, stabbing, or throbbing sensations.  There are various types of chronic pain, each originating from different sources and affecting different areas of the body. 

Some common types of chronic pain people seek help for include:

• Back Pain: This is one of the most prevalent types of chronic pain, often stemming from conditions like herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or muscle strains. Around 85% of people experience chronic back pain.
  
  
• Arthritis Pain: Arthritis is the most common cause of chronic pain, affecting roughly one in two adults. Conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can lead to chronic joint pain and inflammation.
  
  
• Neuropathic Pain: Caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, neuropathic pain can result from conditions like diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, or nerve injuries.
  
  
• Headaches and Migraines: Chronic tension headaches and migraines can cause ongoing pain, often accompanied by other symptoms like sensitivity to light and sound. Medical cannabis has been shown to help decrease pain intensity, and daily pharmaceutical use and dependence.
  
  
• Fibromyalgia: This is characterised by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness. People with fibromyalgia are sometimes told that their pain can’t be treated, but research shows treatments, like medicinal cannabis can help.
  
  
• Pelvic Pain: Conditions like endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, and chronic prostatitis can lead to chronic pelvic pain.
  
  
• Abdominal Pain: Conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and gastritis can result in ongoing abdominal pain.
  
  
• Cancer Pain: Some forms of cancer, especially when they spread or press on nerves, can lead to chronic pain. This kind of ongoing pain often requires treatments that can be used alongside chemotherapy or radiation.
  
  
• Neck Pain: Similar to back pain, conditions like cervical disc degeneration or muscle strain can cause chronic pain in the neck region.
  
  
• Pain after Surgery or Injury: Sometimes, pain can persist long after a surgery or injury has healed, leading to chronic pain conditions.

This is not an exhaustive list of conditions that can lead to chronic pain symptoms — in fact, many illnesses, musculoskeletal problems, injuries, surgeries or cancers can lead to ongoing pain.

Whatever the cause of your pain, it is important to talk to your doctor about potential treatments that can help you find relief and improve your quality of life.

The Endocannabinoid System and Pain Modulation

Learning how to manage pain naturally can be challenging. Fortunately, medical cannabis provides a safe and effective option for many patients. This is because the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, interacts with the compounds present in medical cannabis treatments known as cannabinoids.

These cannabinoids, such as THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), can bind to receptors within the ECS, potentially modulating pain perception, inflammation, and even mood. As a result, medical cannabis has gained attention as a potential way to alleviate pain for some patients, especially in cases where traditional treatments may be inadequate or accompanied by unwanted side effects.

However, it's important for patients to work collaboratively with their doctors, like our caring Polln teams, to determine the appropriate dosage, strain, and mode of consumption to ensure the best possible outcomes while considering individual medical histories and needs.

Is Medicinal Cannabis a Safe Chronic Pain Treatment?

One of the potential advantages of medicinal cannabis in pain management is its potential to offer relief without the same level of risk associated with traditional pain medications for some patients. Opioids, for instance, can lead to dependence, tolerance, and overdose. In contrast, some people with chronic pain taking medicinal cannabis may have a lower risk of dependence and overdose. 

Remember: while medicinal cannabis may be a safer alternative for some, it’s still important to talk to your doctor about potential risks. The psychoactive effects of THC, for example, can impact cognitive function and may not be suitable for people with bipolar or schizophrenia.

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Living with chronic pain is hard — that's why Polln is dedicated to making it easier for Australians to access natural chronic pain treatments. Our specialised approach to care is designed to help people manage chronic pain with the help of compassionate doctors when conventional medications may not provide relief.

Polln provides in-depth 30-minute video consultations with specialised doctors who can review your chronic pain condition and help you set wellness goals. After receiving your prescriptions and treatment plan, Polln provides compassionate ongoing support and complimentary nurse check-ins to ensure your safety and comfort.

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up:

Medicinal cannabis may be an effective natural alternative for some patients when it comes to managing chronic pain. While traditional pain medications often come with side effects and risks, including addiction and overdose, medicinal cannabis may provide a lower-risk option for some patients.

Medicinal cannabis may help reduce pain in some patients by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS) through compounds like THC and CBD, binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors to regulate pain, mood, and inflammation.

Polln helps Australian patients living with chronic pain access natural care for chronic pain relief, and support them with a safe and holistic approach to long-term pain management.

Chronic Pain: FAQs

Is Chronic Pain a Disability?  

In Australia, chronic pain may potentially be classified as a disability under the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 if it significantly limits a person's ability to undertake important daily activities.

Not all cases of chronic pain will be considered disabilities. The severity of the pain, the impact of the pain on the person's ability to function, and the presence of other symptoms will all be taken into account.

How to get pain medications for chronic pain?

To manage chronic pain and obtain pain medications, start by consulting a healthcare professional, for accurate diagnosis and personalised guidance. Non-medication approaches like physical therapy and relaxation techniques should be considered first. Medicinal cannabis may help some patients with chronic pain,  but it’s important to book an appointment with a doctor to have an open discussion about potential benefits and risks first.

Make sure you follow legal and ethical guidelines, and communicate openly about your pain level and experiences. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary. Remember that a holistic approach, which could involve lifestyle changes and emotional support, is often effective in managing chronic pain.

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are complex, and sometimes interconnected, mental health conditions that can significantly impact your emotional well-being, daily functioning, and overall quality of life.

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be caused by a variety of factors, including our genetic predisposition, environmental stressors, traumatic experiences, and neurochemical imbalances in the brain. Additionally, societal pressures, childhood upbringing, and personal coping mechanisms also play a role in the development and manifestation of these conditions.

While conventional pharmacological treatments, like antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications, can be beneficial for many people, alternative mental health therapies may provide support with reduced risk of side effects or addiction for some patients. Medical cannabis, in particular, has been growing in popularity as a natural treatment option for managing the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD.

With the right support and treatment, people with anxiety, depression, or PTSD can achieve better mental health. Read on to find out how medical cannabis helps people improve their mental health and whether medicinal cannabis could be the right for you.

Understanding Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD:

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are three common mental health conditions that can significantly impact your well-being and daily life.

What is Anxiety?

Anxiety is more than just feeling stressed before an important event; it's a persistent and often overwhelming sense of unease that can interfere with daily activities. Symptoms may include excessive worry, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty concentrating. 

If you think you might be dealing with anxiety, you’re not alone. Around 1 in 3 people will have an anxiety disorder during their lifetime. Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder are common subtypes of anxiety. The physical and emotional toll of anxiety can be overwhelming, often leading to a cycle of fear and avoidance behaviours that further worsen symptoms.

People living with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) experience persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life, even when there's no apparent reason for concern. ‍

Social anxiety disorder, on the other hand, brings about intense fear and discomfort in social situations, with individuals often worrying about being judged or embarrassed.

‍Panic disorder is characterised by sudden and recurrent panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear accompanied by physical sensations like a racing heart, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Anxiety symptoms can be felt in the body too. Physically, anxiety can manifest as tension headaches, muscle pain, digestive issues, and even cardiovascular problems over time. Sleep disturbances, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating are also common. 

What is Depression?

Depression is a complex and debilitating mental health condition that affects around 1 in 10 people. While everyone experiences occasional moments of sadness, depression goes beyond normal fluctuations in mood.

Common symptoms of depression include a persistent low mood, fatigue, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, difficulty concentrating, and a lack of motivation. People with depression may experience a sense of worthlessness or excessive guilt, which can further contribute to their emotional distress.

Depression can vary in its intensity and duration. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a specific subtype of depression characterised by the presence of depressive symptoms for at least two weeks. Other types of depression include seasonal affective disorder (SAD),  a type of depression that occurs in the autumn and winter months, and Dysthymia, also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder, which involves a more chronic but less severe form of depression lasting for at least two years

Emotionally, depression can lead to a long term feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and emotional numbness. It can distort one's perception of themselves and the world around them, making it challenging to see a way out of their struggles. This emotional pain can also manifest as physical symptoms such as aches, pains, and a general feeling of being unwell.

What is PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)?

PTSD extends far beyond a normal stress response to a distressing event; it's a multifaceted and profound mental health condition that affects many aspects of your life. Unlike short-term feelings of anxiety or unease, PTSD involves persistent and distressing symptoms triggered by exposure to a traumatic experience. This experience may involve incidents like accidents, violence, abuse, or other life-threatening events.

C-PTSD, known as complex post-traumatic stress disorder (complex PTSD), is a similar condition to PTSD that can develop in response to repeated or intense trauma (such as growing up with childhood abuse). C-PTSD symptoms are similar to those of PTSD, but include an ongoing sense of emptiness or a distorted self-image.

The hallmark of PTSD lies in its diverse range of symptoms, which can be broadly categorised into four groups: intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviours, negative alterations in mood and cognition, and heightened arousal.

Intrusive thoughts encompass vivid and distressing memories of the traumatic event, often accompanied by flashbacks and nightmares. Avoidance behaviours involve efforts to steer clear of reminders associated with the trauma, which can lead to detachment from activities and situations that were once enjoyed.

Negative alterations in mood and cognition involve a shift in one's emotional landscape, leading to feelings of guilt, blame, and a distorted sense of self-worth. These changes can also translate into difficulties in maintaining relationships and a sense of detachment from the world. Heightened arousal is shown as an enhanced state of vigilance, marked by irritability, difficulty concentrating, and an exaggerated startle response.

The impact of PTSD is profound and far-reaching, often affecting various facets of life. Physically, it can also cause headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, and cardiovascular issues. Sleep disturbances and chronic fatigue are also common, contributing to an overall sense of poor well-being. 

Challenges of Traditional Anxiety, Depression and PTSD Treatments

While traditional pharmaceutically-based treatments for anxiety, depression, and PTSD are often effective in managing various mental health symptoms, they are not without some drawbacks. 

While antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs can help reduce mental health symptoms, they often also come with unwanted side effects that can include drowsiness, weight gain, nausea, sexual dysfunction, or even an emotional “numbing”.

The process of finding the right medication can be challenging too. Not all mental health medications work the same way for everyone, and so finding effective treatment for you can involve a lot of trial and error. This can be frustrating and disheartening for people who are already dealing with depression or anxiety.

Pharmaceutically-based treatments for anxiety, depression or PTSD can also come with a higher risk of addiction or withdrawal problems. Some people can become dependent on their medications, while discontinuing medications can lead to withdrawal symptoms that are severely uncomfortable or even dangerous. 

For example, if someone were to suddenly stop taking higher doses of benzodiazepines (such as valium for anxiety) they could have serious withdrawal symptoms, including seizures and psychotic reactions.

It's important to engage in open and honest conversations with healthcare providers, like our Polln doctors, to discuss the benefits and risks of different medications for mental health conditions and explore alternative or complementary approaches to treatment.

Medicinal Cannabis and Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD

While research into medicinal cannabis for anxiety, depression, and PTSD is ongoing, current studies and anecdotal evidence suggest its potential as a natural therapeutic for some patients.

Research shows that specific natural compounds within medicinal cannabis, including CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), may help improve the symptoms of some mental health conditions by positively affecting the brain's neurochemical pathways.

• Anxiety: Research suggests that CBD may have anti-anxiety effects, potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety by interacting with the brain's receptors that regulate stress responses. While higher doses of THC may increase anxiety, lower doses may have a positive impact on anxiety disorders in some patients.
  

• Depression: Research into the antidepressant properties of cannabinoids, particularly CBD, shows promise in influencing mood-related neurotransmitters. CBD's potential to regulate serotonin levels in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, may help some people manage depressive symptoms.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Medical cannabis, particularly with a balanced CBD-to-THC ratio, may be a potential treatment option for PTSD. CBD's impact on fear-related memories and its ability to modulate stress responses may contribute to its efficacy in mitigating PTSD symptoms for some patients. However, further clinical trials are necessary to further establish its effectiveness.
  

How Medical Cannabis May Impact Mental Health

The potential role of medical cannabis in potentially supporting mental health has gained increasing attention, particularly in relation to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding how medical cannabis interacts with the body can shed light on its potential therapeutic effects.

Medicinal cannabis may help support mental health in some patients with its:

• Neurotransmitter Regulation: Medical cannabis compounds, notably CBD and THC, interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and neurotransmitters in the brain and body. CBD, for example, may influence serotonin receptors, which play a crucial role in mood regulation. By modulating serotonin levels, CBD may offer relief from symptoms of anxiety and depression for some patients.

• Stress Response Modulation: Both CBD and THC may impact the body's stress response. CBD's calming properties have the potential to reduce stress and anxiety by influencing the body's physiological reactions to stressors in some patients. THC, on the other hand, may help induce a sense of relaxation by binding to specific receptors in the brain. However, it's important to note that higher THC levels could also exacerbate anxiety in some individuals.

• Memory and Emotion Regulation: CBD's interaction with brain regions responsible for memory and emotional processing holds promise for managing conditions like PTSD in some patients. By influencing the consolidation of fear-based memories and promoting emotional regulation, CBD may help alleviate some distressing symptoms associated with traumatic experiences.

• Inflammation and Immune Response: Chronic inflammation has been linked to mental health conditions. CBD's anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to its potential benefits for anxiety and depression in some patients by reducing overall inflammation levels in the body. By modulating the immune response, CBD could help mitigate the physiological effects of stress on mental well-being.

• Sleep Regulation: Medical cannabis's impact has been shown to have an effect on sleep, and sleep disturbances are often intertwined with mental health conditions. CBD's potential to improve sleep quality by addressing anxiety-related insomnia may indirectly contribute to better mental health outcomes in some patients.

It's important to remember that the effects of medical cannabis on mental health can vary from person to person. Factors such as dosage, cannabinoid ratios, and an individual's unique response to the medication will play a role in determining the outcome. 

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Mental Health

When deciding on any kind of medication, it's also essential to acknowledge any possible risks. A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis is the right option for you and your health.

While medical cannabis is a natural treatment option, some potential risks of medicinal cannabis include: 

• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis can sometimes lead to cognitive changes, including impaired memory and concentration.

• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Although side effects are fewer than with traditional medications, it’s still worth talking them over with your doctor. 

• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The psychoactive nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. 

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

We understand that living with a mental health condition can be an emotionally and physically challenging journey. That's why, at Polln, our specialised approach to medicinal cannabis care offers you support and relief through compassionate doctors who specialise in mental health.

Polln provides makes it easy for you to take the first step in seeking help. You can conveniently schedule appointments online and join them from the comfort of your home through a secure video call.

During your consultation, our doctors will conduct a thorough review of your condition and health history, working collaboratively with you to determine if natural medicines are the right choice for your well-being.

If you receive a prescription, our user-friendly Polln patient portal allows you to order your medications with ease, offering express delivery across Australia. And, after your appointment, our committed Care Team remains at your side, providing ongoing personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

Remember: to qualify for access to medicinal cannabis in Australia, you must have experienced a chronic condition for over three months and have tried other treatments that were either ineffective or resulted in unwanted side effects.

The Wrap Up

Medical cannabis is becoming a more widely studied natural treatment for anxiety, depression, and PTSD. While traditional therapies have many benefits, they also come with their share of challenges too.

Medical cannabis may help some patients address the complex nature of mental health conditions with fewer side effects than traditional pharmacological drugs. Its potential to improve mental health may also help some people who have not found relief in other medication or management plans. 

If you’re thinking about exploring plant medicine then it’s important to approach it as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, guided by healthcare professionals who can assess individual risks and benefits. At Polln, our doctors are here to help you feel better and find the right natural treatments for you and your needs. 

Medical Cannabis and Mental Health: FAQs
Is medical cannabis good for anxiety?

The effects of medicinal cannabis on anxiety can vary widely from person to person. While some individuals might experience temporary relief from anxiety symptoms due to the relaxing properties of certain compounds like CBD, others may find that medical cannabis increases their anxiety or induces feelings of paranoia.

Medical cannabis, specifically formulations with higher CBD content and lower THC levels, has shown potential in alleviating anxiety for some individuals. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any form of medicinal cannabis to address anxiety, as individual reactions can differ and potential risks need to be carefully considered.

Can PTSD be overcome?

Yes, PTSD can be overcome with the right treatment and support. Effective medications and therapies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), along with support from mental health professionals and a strong social network, can help individuals manage and eventually relieve the symptoms of PTSD.

Additionally, emerging research suggests that medical cannabis, particularly with balanced CBD-to-THC ratios, may hold promise in mitigating PTSD symptoms by impacting fear-related memories and stress responses, although further clinical trials are necessary to establish its safety and effectiveness as a potential treatment option.

Is medicinal cannabis a depressant?

Medical cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), contains compounds like THC and CBD, producing a mix of effects. It's not a straightforward depressant but can have varying properties including depressive, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects.

While some individuals may feel temporary mood enhancement or relief from depression after using medical cannabis, its impact on mental health is complex. While certain compounds like CBD show potential, more study is needed for a clear understanding of its effects, dosages, and safety.

Living with arthritis or other painful inflammatory conditions can be incredibly tough. From arthritis to Crohn's disease, these inflammatory issues don't just affect your body physically; they can also bring about emotional and practical challenges too.

While many health conditions have some form of inflammation, other health conditions, like arthritis and Crohn's disease are defined by their inflammatory symptoms. Although conventional inflammation and arthritis treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, have long been relied upon to manage inflammatory issues, they can often come with unwanted side effects and may even weaken the immune system.

Medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), is gaining recognition for its potential to alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory conditions in some patients through a more natural and holistic approach.

Read on to find out how medical cannabis may help manage arthritis and inflammatory conditions in some patients, understand the risk of medicinal cannabis treatments and how you can explore options for medicinal cannabis treatments in Australia.  

What are inflammatory conditions?

Inflammatory conditions, also known as inflammatory disorders or diseases, are a group of medical conditions characterised by chronic or recurrent inflammation in various parts of the body. 

Inflammation is a natural and necessary response of the immune system to fight infections, heal injuries, and protect the body from harm. However, in inflammatory conditions, this inflammatory response becomes dysregulated, leading to prolonged and often excessive inflammation. This can result in damage to tissues and organs over time.

Chronic inflammatory diseases are extremely common and are said to be responsible for more than 50% of deaths worldwide.   

Types of inflammatory conditions

While many health conditions involve inflammation, not all conditions are considered “inflammatory diseases". Inflammation in general is the body’s immune system’s response to an irritant, such as an injury, chemical, or a germ. The five signs of inflammation include:

• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of function

An inflammatory condition however is where inflammation plays a major role in the disease. These conditions are marked by long-term or recurring inflammation that can affect different organs or tissues.

Inflammatory conditions can affect various parts of the body, and their treatment often depends on the specific type and severity of inflammation involved. 

Chronic inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma involve long-term inflammation in specific organs or systems. Acute (short-term) inflammation, on the other hand, is a temporary response to injuries or infections, such as in the case of a sprained ankle or a respiratory infection.

Some common types of inflammatory conditions include autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, which result from the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues.

Additionally, anxiety and depressive disorders may be triggered by inflammation, as such reducing inflammation may help some patients manage mental health symptoms.

Medicinal Cannabis and Inflammatory Conditions

Medicinal cannabis is increasingly being explored as a potential treatment for inflammatory conditions, with growing interest in its ability to potentially help modulate the body's inflammatory responses, alleviate symptoms, and improve the quality of life for some individuals affected by chronic inflammation-related disorders.

Here are some inflammatory conditions that may therapeutically benefit from medicinal cannabis:

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory condition that primarily affects the joints. It leads to chronic pain, swelling, and joint damage. Medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD (cannabidiol), may help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation in affected joints in some patients.

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis fall under IBD, causing inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss. Medicinal cannabis has shown promise in managing symptoms and reducing inflammation in the gut for some patients.

• Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a skin condition characterised by the formation of thick, red, and scaly patches due to inflammation. Topical cannabis-based products, such as creams or ointments containing CBD or THC, may provide relief by reducing skin inflammation in some patients.‍
• Other dermatological Conditions: Some skin conditions, like eczema (atopic dermatitis) and hidradenitis suppurativa, involve chronic inflammation. Topical cannabis-based products, especially those containing CBD, may have a role in reducing skin inflammation and improving symptoms for some patients.
  

• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Medicinal cannabis, particularly oral medications containing THC and CBD, has been investigated for its potential to manage MS symptoms, including pain, muscle spasms, and spasticity.

• Osteoarthritis: While osteoarthritis primarily involves joint degeneration rather than autoimmune inflammation, it often presents with inflammation and pain. Medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD, may offer pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects for some individuals with osteoarthritis.

It's important to remember that the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis in managing these inflammatory conditions can vary from person to person.

Medical cannabis is also an unapproved therapeutic good in Australia and should be approached cautiously. Make sure you discuss any potential plant medicine treatment plans with knowledgeable health professionals to ensure that medicinal cannabis is right for you and your healthcare goals.

How Medicinal Cannabis may help fight inflammation

Medicinal cannabis contains natural compounds called cannabinoids that help modulate various bodily functions. Two major cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), may help reduce inflammation in several ways. Medicinal cannabis may have:

Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Both THC and CBD, the two primary cannabinoids found in cannabis, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical and some clinical studies. They can interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in regulating immune responses and inflammation.

THC's Anti-Inflammatory Actions:

• Targeting Receptors: THC interacts with special receptors in our body called CB1 and CB2. Think of these receptors like switches. When THC activates them, it can calm down the body's response to inflammation.
  
• Balancing Chemicals: THC helps balance the levels of chemicals in our body, like cytokines. These chemicals are like messengers that tell our immune system to fight off inflammation. THC helps keep them in check so we don't have too much inflammation.

• Controlling Signals: THC can also affect the signals in our brain and body that make inflammation worse. By slowing down these signals, THC can reduce inflammation.

CBD's Anti-Inflammatory Actions:

• Helping Indirectly: CBD doesn't directly activate the same switches as THC. Instead, it indirectly boosts another natural substance in our body called anandamide, which also helps control inflammation through similar switches.
  
• Calming Pain and Inflammation: CBD can also calm down pain and inflammation by affecting different switches called TRPV1 receptors. Think of these as traffic lights that can slow down the body's response to pain and inflammation.

• Less Inflammatory Chemicals: CBD can lower the production of inflammatory chemicals like cytokines and chemokines. It's like turning down the volume on inflammation.

• Balancing Immune Cells: CBD can help our immune cells work better, like managing a team. This helps regulate our body's responses and reduces inflammation.

Essentially, both THC and CBD act like helpful controllers in our body, dialling down the response to inflammation and keeping things in balance. However, it's important to remember that their effects can be different for each person and may vary depending on the situation.

THC, CBD and Pain Relief: 

Inflammation often causes pain, and medical cannabis has been known to have analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. By potentially reducing pain, medical cannabis may indirectly help manage discomfort associated with inflammation.

While medicinal cannabis may offer therapeutic benefits for some people, it may also have side effects and interactions with other medications. As such, it should be used under medical supervision and guidance. Want to know more about medicinal cannabis and its effects on inflammation? Book an online consultation with one of our Polln doctors today. 

Challenges of Conventional Inflammation Treatments 

While traditional medications for inflammation have helped improve inflammation symptoms for many patients, they come with their fair share of drawbacks too due to their risks, limitations, and varying degrees of effectiveness.

One common inflammation treatment is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin. While NSAIDs can effectively reduce pain and inflammation, they can also cause side effects like gastrointestinal problems and bleeding. Long-term use of NSAIDs may lead to more severe issues like gastric ulcers and cardiovascular complications.

Another common treatment for inflammation conditions are corticosteroids, which are powerful anti-inflammatory medications. While these can be highly effective in suppressing inflammation, corticosteroids can also come with unwanted effects such as weight gain, mood swings, and immune system suppression when used over extended periods.

Immunosuppressive drugs, commonly prescribed for autoimmune conditions with inflammation symptoms, can also affect the body's ability to fight infections, leading to an increased risk of illnesses.

Because of these challenges, there is a growing interest in exploring complementary and natural therapies, such as medicinal cannabis, dietary modifications, herbal supplements, or even lifestyle changes, to manage inflammation and minimise the risks of traditional inflammation drugs.

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Inflammatory Conditions:

While not everyone will experience adverse effects, it's important to be aware of potential risks associated with medical cannabis for inflammatory conditions:

• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis might lead to cognitive effects, including impaired memory and concentration.

• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Side effects, though potentially fewer than with traditional medications, still warrant careful consideration.

• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The psychoactive nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. 

A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you navigate possible risks and make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis could be right for you. 

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Living with inflammation or an inflammatory disease can be incredibly tough. That’s why at Polln, our mission is to offer caring support to Australians seeking a natural alternative to conventional inflammation treatments. 

With Polln, we've made accessing care convenient and stress-free. You can easily schedule appointments online, including same-day, after-hours, and weekend options to suit your schedule. Our unique 30-minute video consultations with specialised medical practitioners can be conducted from the comfort of your home.

If you receive a prescription, you can conveniently order your medications through our Polln patient portal, with express delivery available Australia-wide. After your appointment, our dedicated Care Team provides ongoing personalised support, including complimentary nurse check-ins.

The Wrap Up

Living with inflammatory conditions, like types of arthritis, are challenging to live with and treat effectively long-term. Traditional options like NSAIDs, which can sometimes cause stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal problems, and corticosteroids, known for side effects like weight gain and mood swings, have their downsides. For some patients, plant medicine such as medicinal cannabis may offer a natural way to help to relieve inflammation and inflammatory pain.

At Polln, we're here to provide compassionate support to Australians seeking natural solutions. Ready to explore plant medicine? Book a consultation with a Polln doctor and take the first step towards a more comfortable life.

FAQ
What is the best natural medicine for inflammation?

The best natural medicine for inflammation may vary depending on individual preferences and needs. Medicinal cannabis is emerging as a promising option for some patients. It contains compounds like cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which have shown anti-inflammatory properties. CBD, in particular, is known for its potential to reduce inflammation and manage various inflammatory conditions in some patients without the psychoactive effects associated with THC.

Additionally, natural remedies such as turmeric, ginger, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil, and green tea have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory benefits. The choice of the best natural medicine for inflammation should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, considering the specific condition and the individual's overall health.

Can rheumatoid arthritis be treated naturally?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be managed and its symptoms alleviated through natural treatments and lifestyle adjustments. While there's no known cure, natural approaches may help reduce inflammation and pain associated with RA. 

Medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD, is gaining attention for its potential anti-inflammatory effects and pain relief, offering a natural alternative for RA management. Other effective methods can be adopting an anti-inflammatory diet, rich in foods like fatty fish, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. Regular exercise, particularly low-impact activities like swimming and yoga, can also improve joint function and reduce stiffness. 

Additionally, supplements like fish oil and turmeric, which have anti-inflammatory properties, may provide relief. Some individuals also explore natural remedies like acupuncture and meditation to manage pain and stress associated with RA. Remember, each patient responds differently to natural medicine and it’s important to speak with a qualified doctor to understand the risks and benefits for your individual situation.

Living with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and other debilitating disorders can be an uphill battle. Autoimmune conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), differ from chronic issues like osteoarthritis, as they involve the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and potential damage to joints and other organs.

Some common autoimmune disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), celiac disease, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and Sjögren's syndrome, just to name a few. These conditions can affect any part of your body — from your brain to your toes, among others.

Conventional treatments for both inflammation and autoimmune disorders often rely on steroids and other immune-suppressing medications, but these solutions can cause unwanted side effects and can potentially weaken the immune system.

In recent years, medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), has garnered increased attention within the medical community and among patients for its potential to alleviate the symptoms of autoimmune conditions and inflammatory disorders through a more natural approach.

Read on to explore how medical cannabis may offer relief for autoimmune conditions in some patients, understand the risks of natural medicine and learn about your options for accessing medicinal cannabis treatments in Australia.

What are autoimmune disorders?

Autoimmune disorders, also called autoimmune diseases, are a group of medical conditions in which the immune system, which is designed to protect the body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own healthy tissues and cells.  

This immune system dysfunction results in chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Autoimmune disorders can affect virtually any organ or tissue in the body, leading to a wide variety of symptoms. Some people experience only mild symptoms, while others can have severe, life-altering, and sometimes permanent effects.

Autoimmune disorders are up to four times more likely in women than in men. While the reasons for this are uncertain, it's thought that hormones, environmental factors, or our microbiome might contribute. 

Most autoimmune disorders are chronic, meaning they persist over a long period of time. Managing symptoms and preventing complications often requires ongoing treatment, active monitoring, and positive lifestyle adjustments.

Thankfully, research into autoimmune disorders has led to significant advancements in treatment options, including more selective immunosuppressive drugs, targeted biologic therapies, and tailored medicinal cannabis options that help modulate the immune system's response.

What causes autoimmune disorders?

While certain autoimmune conditions, such as Type 1 diabetes (predominantly genetic) or multiple sclerosis (potentially triggered by factors like the Epstein-Barr virus), have defined causes, it's not known why many other autoimmune diseases occur.

While the causes are not fully understood for some conditions, it’s generally believed that they may arise from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and hormonal factors.

Autoimmune disorders may be caused by:

• Genetic Predisposition: There is often a genetic component to autoimmune diseases, meaning they tend to run in families. Specific genes may increase the susceptibility to developing autoimmune conditions.

• Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors such as infections, exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants, and even dietary factors may trigger or exacerbate autoimmune responses in genetically predisposed individuals.

• Hormonal Factors: Hormonal changes, particularly in women, can influence the development and severity of autoimmune disorders. For example, some autoimmune conditions may worsen during pregnancy or as a result of hormonal fluctuations.

• Immune System Dysregulation: These dysfunctions can lead to the immune system mistakenly identifying the body's own tissues as foreign invaders, initiating an autoimmune response.

• Complex Interactions: The development of autoimmune disorders is often the result of complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. The exact mechanisms by which these factors interact to trigger autoimmunity are still an active area of research.
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• ‍Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of autoimmune disorders remains idiopathic, meaning it is unknown or not yet fully understood. Despite significant advancements in autoimmune research, there are instances where the precise trigger for the development of these conditions cannot be identified

It's important to note that while these factors are associated with the development of autoimmune disorders, the precise cause can vary from person to person and from one autoimmune condition to another. Our immune system is constantly protecting us from a variety of risks, so there are a lot of steps and processes that can go wrong. Understanding these factors is crucial for advancing our knowledge of autoimmune diseases and improving treatment and prevention strategies.

Challenges of Conventional Treatments for Autoimmune Disorders

Traditional medications have proven beneficial in managing symptoms and preventing complications linked to autoimmune disorders, however,  they can also come with some drawbacks, including health risks, limitations, and varying efficacy levels.

One common, initial, symptom-based treatment approach involves nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or aspirin. These can effectively reduce pain and inflammation but may also lead to side effects like gastrointestinal issues and bleeding. Prolonged NSAID use can even result in more serious complications such as gastric ulcers and cardiovascular problems.

Corticosteroids, potent anti-inflammatory drugs, are another option. While effective at suppressing inflammation, they can bring about unwelcome effects like weight gain, mood swings, and immune system suppression with prolonged usage. This is why corticosteroids are commonly prescribed in 'burst' to reduce side effects.

Other immunosuppressive medications, often prescribed for autoimmune disorders, can help reduce inflammation but may affect the body's ability to fend off certain types of infections.

Given these challenges, there's a growing interest in exploring complementary and natural therapies like medicinal cannabis, dietary adjustments, herbal supplements, or other lifestyle changes as complementary therapies for managing symptoms of autoimmune disorders while minimising potential risks associated with conventional treatments.

Medicinal Cannabis and Autoimmune Conditions

Medicinal cannabis is gaining attention as a natural alternative for symptoms of autoimmune disorders, with increasing interest in its ability to modulate the immune system's inflammatory responses, reduce symptoms, and enhance the quality of life for those living with autoimmune conditions marked by chronic inflammation.

Here are some autoimmune disorders where medicinal cannabis may offer therapeutic benefits for some patients:

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory ailment primarily impacting joints, results in pain, swelling, and joint damage. Medicinal cannabis, CBD (cannabidiol), applied to the skin or ingested/inhaled may offer rheumatoid arthritis relief by reducing pain and joint inflammation.

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, both forms of IBD, cause inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss. Medical cannabis, notably cannabinoids CBD and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), shows promise in managing IBD symptoms for some patients.

• Psoriasis: Psoriasis is characterised by thick, red, scaly skin patches due to inflammation. Patients may find relief from topical medical cannabis-based products, such as creams or ointments containing CBD or THC, which may be able to help reduce skin inflammation.

• Other Dermatological Conditions: Skin conditions like eczema (atopic dermatitis) and hidradenitis suppurativa involve chronic inflammation. Topical medical cannabis-based products, particularly those with CBD, may play a role in alleviating skin inflammation and improving symptoms.

• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system. Medicinal cannabis, particularly oral medications containing THC and CBD, has been explored for its potential in managing symptoms. These medications may help manage MS symptoms such as pain, muscle spasms, and spasticity in some patients.

• Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE): Some research has explored the potential of medical cannabis to manage symptoms associated with lupus, such as pain, inflammation, and joint stiffness. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of cannabis in managing SLE.

• Sjögren's Syndrome: Medical cannabis, particularly CBD, has some anecdotal evidence of its ability to potentially reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with Sjögren's syndrome, such as dry eyes and mouth. However, more research is needed to confirm its benefits.

Remember: the efficacy of medicinal cannabis in addressing symptoms of autoimmune disorders can vary from person to person. Before starting on any plant-based medicine treatment plan, it's important to talk to a knowledgeable healthcare professional to weigh the risks and benefits of medicinal cannabis for your condition and health needs. 

How Can Medicinal Cannabis Impact Autoimmune Conditions?

Medicinal cannabis, specifically its active compounds such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays an important role in regulating various bodily processes, including the immune system. 

Although exactly how medicinal cannabis helps treat autoimmune disorders is not fully understood, it is thought to potentially help manage symptoms due to: 

• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Both CBD and THC have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. In immune disorders characterised by chronic inflammation, such as autoimmune diseases, this anti-inflammatory action can help reduce the immune system's overactive response, which is often responsible for tissue damage and symptoms.

• Immunomodulation: Medicinal cannabis compounds can modulate the immune system, meaning they have the ability to either enhance or suppress immune responses. In autoimmune disorders where the immune system is attacking healthy tissues, the immunosuppressive properties of certain cannabinoids may help reduce this harmful immune activity.

• Pain Management: Many individuals with autoimmune disorders experience pain as a prominent symptom. Medical cannabis, particularly THC, can provide pain relief by acting on pain receptors in the brain and nervous system. By reducing pain perception, it can improve the quality of life for individuals with autoimmune conditions.

• Neuroprotection: In some autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks the central nervous system. Medicinal cannabis compounds, particularly THC and CBD, have been studied for their potential neuroprotective effects. It may help preserve nerve function and reduce symptoms like muscle spasms and spasticity (as a secondary treatment).

• Reduction of Anxiety and Stress: Chronic stress and anxiety can exacerbate autoimmune symptoms and trigger immune responses. CBD, in particular, has anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) properties and may help individuals with autoimmune disorders manage stress, potentially leading to better disease management.

While medicinal cannabis may offer therapeutic benefits for some people, it may also have side effects and interactions with other medications. As such, it should be used under medical supervision and guidance. Want to know more about medicinal cannabis for inflammation, book an online consultation with one of our Polln doctors today. 

Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis for Autoimmune Disorders

While not everyone will experience adverse effects, it's important to be aware of potential risks associated with medical cannabis for autoimmune disorders:

• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis might lead to cognitive effects, including impaired memory and concentration.

• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Side effects, though side effects are generally uncommon, still warrant careful consideration.

• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The intoxicating nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. 

A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you navigate possible risks and make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis could be right for you. 

Accessing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Living with an autoimmune disorder or any condition characterised by inflammation can be incredibly challenging. That's why at Polln, we are deeply committed to providing compassionate support to our fellow Australians who are seeking natural treatments for autoimmune disorders.

At Polln, we've designed our services to make accessing care as seamless and comforting as possible. You can easily schedule appointments online, including same-day, after-hours, and weekend options to accommodate your busy life. Our unique 30-minute video consultations, led by specialised doctors, can be conducted from the comfort of your home.

Should you receive a prescription, you can conveniently order your medications through our Polln patient portal, complete with express delivery options available nationwide. After your appointment, our dedicated Care Team continues to provide ongoing personalised support, including complimentary check-ins with our compassionate nurses.

The Wrap Up

Living with autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, presents persistent challenges that require effective, long-term management. While conventional treatments, like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and biologics can provide relief, they can still come with side effects like peptic ulcers, weight gain and mood swings. There is a need for complementary therapies, such as medicinal cannabis, to help manage autoimmune symptoms. 

At Polln, we're deeply committed to offering empathetic support to fellow Australians navigating the complexities of autoimmune disorders. Are you ready to explore plant medicine? Take the first step toward a more comfortable life by booking a consultation with a Polln doctor who understands your unique needs and concerns.

Autoimmune Conditions, FAQs:

Does rheumatoid arthritis make you tired?

Yes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can often lead to fatigue. The chronic inflammation and pain associated with RA can be physically and mentally draining, causing persistent tiredness and a lack of energy. Additionally, the immune system's overactivity in RA can contribute to feelings of fatigue.

Some RA medications, such as methotrexate, which is commonly prescribed, can also cause fatigue as a side effect. In some cases, individuals with RA may explore alternative treatments like medicinal cannabis to manage pain and fatigue, as it has shown potential in alleviating these symptoms in some patients.

Is methotrexate the best treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Methotrexate is commonly used as a first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is often considered one of the most effective disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for RA. However, whether it is the "best" treatment for a particular individual with RA depends on various factors, including the severity of the disease, the individual's medical history, their response to the medication, and any potential side effects.

RA is a complex condition, and treatment plans are typically tailored to each patient's specific needs. Some individuals with RA may not respond well to methotrexate alone or may experience severe side effects. In such cases, rheumatologists may explore other DMARDs, medicinal cannabis, or biologic medications, often in combination with methotrexate or as alternatives.

Ultimately, the choice of the "best" treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is a decision made by a healthcare provider in consultation with the patient, taking into consideration the individual's unique circumstances and preferences.

Welcome to the Caregivers’ Guide to Medicinal Cannabis. As a caregiver, we understand that ensuring the well-being of your loved one during an illness can be challenging. Whether you’re looking after elderly parents, taking care of elderly family members, or caring for someone else important in your life – caregiving is a big responsibility. That’s why we’re dedicated to helping caregivers and providing them with the knowledge and support they need to care for themselves and their loved ones.

Medicinal cannabis has been shown to help people with a variety of physical and mental health issues. From glaucoma to chronic pain, chemotherapy and even sleep problems, medicinal cannabis has the potential to help some chronically or terminally ill people, including ageing parents, to manage symptoms, enhance their comfort, and improve quality of life.

This guide has been created for caregivers just like you, so that they can better understand the fundamentals of medicinal cannabis, explore the science behind medicinal cannabis, and find out how to potentially integrate medicinal cannabis into your loved one's care routine. 

Understanding Medicinal Cannabis as a Caregiver

If you’re thinking about medicinal cannabis for an elderly parent or loved one, a good first step is to get to know the medicinal cannabis basics, including its therapeutic effects, potential risks, administration methods, how medicinal cannabis differs from recreational use, and the legalities of medicinal cannabis in Australia. Let’s get started. 

What is a caregiver?

A caregiver is someone who provides care and support to another person who may be unable to fully take care of themselves due to age, illness, disability, or other challenges.

Caregivers help with daily tasks, offer emotional support, and ensure the well-being of those they care for. You may be looking after elderly parents, taking care of elderly family members, or caring for a child or a friend.

What Is Medicinal Cannabis? 

Medicinal cannabis is a type of plant medicine with therapeutic chemical compounds, most notably tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) that have been shown to provide a range of health benefits and manage various conditions.

These chemical compounds engage with the body's endocannabinoid system (a network of receptors that control numerous bodily functions) to help people manage short-term, chronic, and end-of-life conditions.

Cannabis plants contain a wide variety of cannabinoids, each with its own potential effects and properties. Some of the most well-known and studied cannabinoids found in cannabis plants include:
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Just like there are different types of common medications, there are different types of medical cannabis treatments. Treatments vary in terms of the format they come in (e.g. oils, dry herb flower that is vaporised, topicals, wafers and more), the cannabinoid and terpene content and potency.

Caring for Elderly Parents: How Medicinal Cannabis May Help

Caring for elderly parents comes with its own unique set of challenges but medicinal cannabis can support you in providing ageing parents with additional pain relief and comfort. In Australia, medicinal cannabis is becoming recognized for its wide-ranging therapeutic benefits for age-related conditions.

From providing chronic pain and arthritis relief to tackling sleep disorders and glaucoma in some patients, medicinal cannabis has the potential to offer a multifaceted approach to enhancing the well-being of seniors.

What are Cannabinoids and What Do They Do?

Cannabinoids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). In medicinal cannabis, there are several types of cannabinoids that work in the body in different ways.

• Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC:) This is one of the main cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. THC is commonly known as a psychoactive cannabinoid as it gives people a ‘high’ euphoric sensation that many people associate with cannabis use. THC modulates the ECS by binding with CB1 receptors in the brain. In addition to creating a high THC has many therapeutic applications, including reducing pain, alleviating nausea, and boosting appetite.
  
  
• Cannabidiol (CBD): This is another common cannabinoid found in medicinal cannabis. Unlike THC, CBD is not psychoactive and doesn’t create a ‘high’ sensation as CBD does not bind with the CB1 receptor responsible for the euphoric feeling.
  Instead, CBD interacts indirectly with our endocannabinoid system to modulate our opioid, dopamine, and serotonin receptors, which may help reduce anxiety, reduce inflammation, and regulate our mood and emotions. 

There is also increasing evidence for the therapeutic potential of minor cannabinoids:

• Cannabinol (CBN): This cannabinoid is being researched for its anticonvulsant, and sedative potential. CBN is created during the breakdown of the psychoactive cannabinoid THC. Like THC, CBN also binds to the CB1 receptor, but at a much lower strength than THC.
  
  While CBN is technically a psychoactive compound, it doesn’t produce a significant ‘high’. This is because CBN primarily modulates CB2 receptors that are associated with immune system regulation.

• Cannabigerol (CBG): CBG is considered a precursor to other cannabinoids, as it is converted into THC, CBD, and other compounds as the plant matures. It is present in lower concentrations compared to THC and CBD. CBG may have potential as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent.

• Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): THCV is a cannabinoid that is structurally similar to THC, but it produces different effects. It is found in trace amounts in most cannabis strains, but some strains are bred to have higher THCV content. THCV may have appetite-suppressing and potential antiepileptic properties.
  
  
• Cannabichromene (CBC): CBC is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is being studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It is found in relatively low concentrations in medicinal cannabis.
  
  
• Cannabidivarin (CBDV): CBDV is structurally similar to CBD and is being investigated for its potential anti-epileptic properties. It is found in minor amounts in medicinal cannabis. 

• Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC): Similar to Delta-9-THC, Delta-8-THC has psychoactive effects, albeit typically milder. It is found in very low concentrations in medicinal cannabis.
  
  

The cannabinoid profile of a medicinal cannabis treatment can vary significantly based on factors such as genetics, growing conditions, and processing methods. Researchers are continuing to study these cannabinoids to better understand their individual effects and potential therapeutic applications.

What are Medicinal Cannabis Terpenes and What Do They Do? 

Terpenes (pronounced tur-peens) are the organic, aromatic compounds found in plants, including cannabis. Until recently, much of the cannabis industry has been focused almost solely on the therapeutic qualities of cannabinoids like THC and CBD.

However, as our knowledge of terpenes continues to grow and cannabis science expands, it’s becoming increasingly apparent that these aromatic compounds are medicinal powerhouses in their own right.

Within different strains, you’ll find specific terpenes. Again, just like with wine or other plants, terpenes are aromatic compounds that contribute to the plant's distinct smell and flavour. They also interact with cannabinoids and may influence the effects of medicinal cannabis consumption

There are more than 100 different terpenes identified in cannabis plants, each with its own unique aroma, flavour, and potential therapeutic properties, however, some common terpenes include:

• Myrcene: This is one of the most abundant terpenes in medicinal cannabis. It has an earthy, herbal, and slightly fruity aroma. Myrcene is also found in hops or basil or even earthy Merlots.

• Limonene: As the name suggests, limonene has a citrusy aroma. It's associated with elevated mood and stress relief. 

• Pinene: There are two types of pinene: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene has a piney aroma, while beta-pinene has a spicier scent. It's also found in pine trees and rosemary.

• Caryophyllene: This terpene has a spicy, peppery aroma. It's thought to have anti-inflammatory properties. Caryophyllene is also found in black pepper and cloves.

• Linalool: Linalool has a floral, lavender-like scent. It's often associated with relaxation and stress relief. Linalool is found in many flowers and herbs, including lavender.

• Humulene: With an earthy, woody aroma, humulene is also found in hops and has potential anti-inflammatory properties.

• Terpinolene: This has a complex aroma that can be floral, piney, and even a bit herbal. It's thought to have sedative effects and is also found in nutmeg and cumin.

• Ocimene: Ocimene has a sweet, herbal, and sometimes fruity scent. It's thought to have antiviral and antifungal properties.

• Borneol: Borneol has a menthol-like scent and is often associated with calming effects. It's also found in herbs like mint and camphor.

• Eucalyptol: This has a fresh, minty aroma. It's commonly found in eucalyptus trees and has the potential for respiratory benefits.
  
  

Each medicinal cannabis treatment will vary in cannabinoid and terpene content and each patient has unique needs so it’s important to work with experienced medical cannabis clinics or an experienced medical cannabis doctor to determine the best treatment plan for your loved one.

How to Administer Medicinal Cannabis

As a caregiver, you might wonder how your loved one or your ageing parents would take medicinal cannabis. Many people unfamiliar with this medication may only know of the inhalation method for medicinal cannabis (smoking/vaping) but there are actually many administration methods for medicinal cannabis that can be personalised to your loved one’s preferences and needs.

Common administration methods include:

• Sublingual:  This involves placing the treatment under the tongue, a method which allows active ingredients to be absorbed directly into the blood vessels of your tongue, bypassing the digestive system and therefore making it suitable for elderly people seeking quick relief. Treatments taken sublingually can come in the form of oils, tinctures, wafers, sprays and more.

• Ingestion: Ingestion methods of cannabis consumption include any cannabis treatment that is consumed orally – such as cannabis edibles, tinctures, oils, capsules and extracts. While the effects of cannabinoid medicines will take longer to kick in when taken orally, they will also last longer. This method can be particularly appealing to people who prefer something familiar and convenient.

• Topical: These are infused creams, balms, or patches that are applied directly to the skin, providing targeted relief for localised discomfort. This non-intrusive method can be helpful for targeting specific areas.

• Inhalation: Vaporising medicinal cannabis provides fast relief, but this method might not be suitable for individuals with respiratory problems. Learn more about vaporising in the next section. Smoking is not a recommended administration method.

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How Does Medicinal Cannabis Differ from Recreational Cannabis?

As a caregiver, you may not have a lot of knowledge about medicinal cannabis or you may have only heard of recreational cannabis before. If that’s the case — don’t worry! We’re here to help.

Medicinal cannabis (historically known as medical weed or medical marijuana, learn more about the importance of language here), is quite different from recreational cannabis. It involves the controlled and therapeutic use of cannabis plants to alleviate symptoms or manage specific medical conditions by modulating the body’s endocannabinoid system.

Unlike recreational use, which focuses on the THC component of the cannabis plant (sometimes known as a cannabis ‘high’), medicinal cannabis focuses on providing therapeutic relief. This may be achieved by using a medication that is not psychoactive, such as those containing CBD only, and/or by using a THC-containing medicine but at a lower dose than that required to produce a significant cannabis ‘high’.

Medicinal cannabis is prescribed by healthcare professionals who specialise in plant medicine. Like any medication, dosages, strains, and compositions will be carefully selected to cater to specific medical needs. Similarly, medicinal cannabis is highly regulated, requiring prescriptions and quality adherence to medical standards.

Is Medicinal Cannabis Legal in Australia?

Yes. Medicinal cannabis (also known as medical cannabis prescriptions) is legal in Australia and has been so since 2016. It’s recognised for its therapeutic benefits and can be accessed with a doctor's prescription. To ensure high-quality medication and treatment, it’s a good idea to go with a specialised medicinal cannabis clinic, like Polln.  

What Conditions May Be Supported with Medicinal Cannabis?

There is no predetermined list of conditions for which medicinal cannabis can be prescribed — instead a doctor will work with a patient to determine whether or not medicinal cannabis could help depending on the symptoms someone is experiencing.

However, some medical conditions where medicinal cannabis may offer potential therapeutic benefits, include: 

• Chronic Pain (including arthritis, neuropathy, or musculoskeletal disorders)
• Cancer-Related Symptoms (pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite)
• Neurological Conditions (multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease)
• Mental Health Conditions (anxiety, PTSD)
• Sleep Disturbances (insomnia)
• Inflammatory Disorders (rheumatoid arthritis)
• Gastrointestinal Disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease)
• Glaucoma
• Autoimmune Disorders (lupus)
• Fibromyalgia
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Huntington's Disease
• Appetite Stimulation
• Neuropathic Pain (diabetes, nerve damage)
• Osteoporosis (and other bone-related issues)
• Epilepsy
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
• End-of-Life Care

As many of these conditions affect older adults or ageing parents, natural treatment options, like medical cannabis, can be a good option to be used alone or in conjunction with other medications to relieve symptoms without significant side effects..  

However, the effects of medicinal cannabis can vary from person to person. Caregivers should prioritise communication with medical experts when considering medicinal cannabis as part of their loved one's care plan.

What Are Some Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Medicinal Cannabis

Medicinal cannabis products have shown promise in providing various therapeutic effects and can potentially improve a range of symptoms and overall quality of life in some chronically ill or even terminally ill people.

Some ways your loved one may benefit from medicinal cannabis include:

• Pain Management: Chronic pain is a common issue, often stemming from conditions such as arthritis, neuropathy, and musculoskeletal disorders. Medicinal cannabis, particularly with a balanced ratio of THC and CBD, has been reported to alleviate pain and improve mobility. By interacting with the endocannabinoid system, medicinal cannabis compounds may even help reduce inflammation to provide pain relief.

• Sleep Improvement: Sleep disturbances and insomnia are extremely common. Certain strains of medicinal cannabis, especially those higher in CBD, have been suggested to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. However, careful consideration of dosage and timing is crucial to avoid disrupting sleep patterns.

• Anxiety Reduction: Anxiety and stress can significantly impact the mental well-being of people living with a chronic or life-limiting illness. CBD, a non-psychoactive compound found in medicinal cannabis, has shown potential in reducing anxiety symptoms. It may have a calming effect on the nervous system without the ‘high’ effects of THC.

• Appetite Stimulation:  Many people living with severe illnesses (such as cancer) may experience an associated loss of appetite, leading to nutritional deficiencies and weight loss. Certain strains of medicinal cannabis, particularly those high in THC, have been known to increase appetite and improve food intake. This can be particularly helpful when caring for people undergoing chemotherapy.
  
  
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Cannabinoids, especially CBD, have shown anti-inflammatory effects, which could be beneficial for conditions characterised by inflammation, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Neurological Condition Management: Some research suggests that medicinal cannabis might have neuroprotective properties and could be investigated for its potential in managing neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.

• Muscle Spasm and Tremor Management: Medicinal cannabis is being explored for its muscle relaxant properties, which may benefit individuals with conditions causing muscle spasms, tremors, or spasticity.

• Eye Health: Medicinal cannabis may help reduce intraocular pressure, which could potentially benefit individuals with glaucoma.
  
  
• Bone Health: Some research has suggested that cannabinoids might play a role in promoting bone health and even aiding in the healing of fractures.

Remember: individual responses to medicinal cannabis can vary greatly and what works well for one person may not work the same way for someone else.  As a caregiver, it’s important to talk with a healthcare professional, like one of our helpful Polln doctors, before incorporating medicinal cannabis into your loved one’s care plan.

How to Access Medicinal Cannabis as a Caregiver

As a caregiver, exploring alternative treatment options like medicinal cannabis may be a new and unfamiliar territory, but we’re here to guide you through the process of helping your loved one access this potentially beneficial treatment. By understanding the steps involved, you can ensure an informed journey towards integrating medicinal cannabis into their care plan.

Check their eligibility for medicinal cannabis

To see if a loved one might be eligible for medicinal cannabis in Australia, ask yourself the following questions:

1) Do they have a chronic medical condition? Have they been experiencing symptoms for over three months? 

2) Have they tried other treatments prior to medicinal cannabis?

3) Have these other treatments failed to alleviate their symptoms, have they had adverse effects, or are you or your loved one concerned about the side effects?

If you said yes to the above, then their doctor could consider them a candidate for medicinal cannabis.

To see if a loved one might be eligible for medicinal cannabis access, you can help them take our free eligibility quiz or simply sign up as a patient to chat with one of our expert Polln doctors. Want to speak to a nurse first to ask some questions before booking with a doctor? We offer nurse discovery calls, completely free of charge for new patients.

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Start by Educating Your Loved One About Medicinal Cannabis

Take the time to talk to your loved one about medicinal cannabis and how it could potentially benefit them. Medicinal cannabis can sometimes be confusing for older patients, as it may have connotations of recreational cannabis or unconscious biases attached to it.

Talk to them about how medicinal cannabis works, explain the risks and benefits, and reassure them that medicinal cannabis is prescribed and monitored by qualified doctors — like our Polln specialists.

Find the Right Medical Partner for You

Once you and your loved one feel on the same page about a potential course of medicinal cannabis, the next step is to consult with your regular healthcare professionals and medicinal cannabis specialists, like our healthcare team at Polln, who have experience working with elderly patients.

Our Polln team can work with your loved one’s regular doctors to provide oversight of their medicinal canna bis treatments in association with any other medications or treatments they may currently follow.

Work with Your Healthcare Team to Develop a Care Plan

Once you find the right healthcare team, you can work closely with them to create a personalised care plan. By having a knowledgeable medicinal cannabis expert to guide you, you can make informed decisions about your loved one’s care and ensure that the plan aligns with their overall health goals and existing treatment regimen.

Their doctor will determine the appropriate starting dosage and strain of medicinal cannabis based on your loved one’s medical history and health condition. 
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Access Your Loved One’s Prescriptions

Depending on the doctor or clinic you choose, your loved one will be able to access their medication in several ways. Some doctors will provide a prescription that can be picked up at a limited number of specialist pharmacies. Not every pharmacy will stock medicinal cannabis, or stock the medication that your loved one has been prescribed. In this case, make sure you do your research first to save time. 

Other medicinal cannabis clinics, like Polln, can arrange for medications to be sent express to your loved one’s home or care facility. This can be particularly helpful to fit in with caregivers' busy lives and reduce the wait time between appointments and treatment. 

Help Administer Medicinal Cannabis to Your Loved One

Depending on your loved ones’ capabilities, you can either teach them how to use a medication administration method (such as vaping) or administer the medication to them each day.

There are many ways your loved one can consume medicinal cannabis — including ingestion (edibles), capsules, sublingual (under-the-tongue), and topicals. Your medical cannabis specialising doctor will talk you through the application or consumption of whichever your loved one needs so that you can provide the medication to them.

And if you ever need support, as a Polln patient, you and your loved one can enjoy complimentary support from our experienced team of medicinal cannabis nurses and care coordinators who can guide you through how to administer your loved one’s medications.

If your loved one can take their own medications, it can be helpful to set up a pill box (i.e., for gummies, capsules or other edibles) or medication reminders, to ensure they are getting the correct dosage at the right times. 
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Set Up Regular Doctor Check-Ins

Once your loved one has started a course of medicinal cannabis, you and your loved one’s doctor can schedule regular check-ins to assess their response to medicinal cannabis. At these appointments, the doctor can review changes in their symptoms, mood, sleep patterns, and overall well-being, and adjust their dosage of medication frequency if required. 

By following these step-by-step guidelines and working closely with healthcare experts, you can provide effective support and contribute to a positive experience for your loved one in exploring medicinal cannabis as a treatment option.

How to Monitor Your Loved One’s Medicinal Cannabis Treatment

As a caregiver, closely monitoring your loved one’s response to medicinal cannabis is an important part of ensuring their well-being and optimising their treatment's effectiveness. After they first start their course of medication, get a notebook or online document, to record the following:

• Track Your Loved One’s Baseline:
  Before they are treated, document your loved one’s baseline symptoms — how do they feel? Track details such as pain levels, sleep patterns, mood, appetite, and any adverse effects. This baseline will serve as a reference point for assessing the impact of medicinal cannabis.

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• Track Any Symptom Changes:
  After your loved one begins their medicinal cannabis treatment, keep a daily or weekly journal to record any improvements or worsened or new symptoms, such as alterations in sleep quality, changes in mood, and overall comfort. By keeping these records you and your loved one’s doctor can evaluate the treatment's efficacy.

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• Make Note of Any Dosage Adjustments:
  Your doctor will typically start your loved one on a low dose of medicinal cannabis and gradually increase it if needed. See how they respond to any adjustment in dosage and monitor for changes, symptoms, or side effects.

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• Be Aware of Potential Tolerance:
  As with many other medications, some individuals may develop a tolerance to the effects after prolonged use. If you notice that there is a decrease in the efficacy of the medication over time, make an appointment with your loved one’s healthcare team for guidance on adjusting dosages or taking a tolerance break.
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• Book Follow-Up Appointments:
  It can be helpful to pre-book follow-up appointments so that you and your loved one can regularly check-in with their healthcare team and update them on your observations, seek guidance, and adjust the medication treatment plan as necessary.
  
  Remember: if something seems off, you don’t have to wait until your next appointment for help. Our Polln team provides online appointments, so that it’s easy for you and your loved one to attend a video appointment whenever they need advice or a review. 

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• Reach Out if You Need Support: 
  We know that the world of natural medicines and the effects of medical cannabis can be difficult to navigate and care with Polln doesn’t end at your first consultation. One of the big benefits of accessing medicinal cannabis with a specialised, patient-first clinic like Polln is that we offer a high level of patient support - including complimentary Nurse check-ins, just for being a Polln patient. If you have any questions about your loved one’s treatment plan, dosing, or anything in between, we’re here to help.

Understanding Potential Risks of Medicinal Cannabis as a Caregiver

While medicinal cannabis can offer significant benefits for many people with chronic or life-limiting conditions, as a caregiver, it’s still important to be aware of potential risks so that you can make well-informed healthcare decisions for your loved one.

• Cognitive Effects: Medicinal cannabis, especially products containing THC, can sometimes affect cognitive function, memory, and concentration. Caregivers should closely monitor any changes in their loved one’s cognitive abilities.
  
  

• Impaired Motor Skills: Like many sedating medications, medicinal cannabis can sometimes impair motor skills and coordination. Take precautions to prevent falls or accidents, especially in elderly people, and remind your loved one to not drive after taking medicinal cannabis.
  
  

• Potential Addiction: While the risk of addiction to medicinal cannabis is lower than with opioids, dependency is possible. Make sure your loved one only takes medicinal cannabis only as prescribed and keep an eye out for signs of dependency.
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• Drug Interactions: Medicinal cannabis can interact with certain medications. Always check in with your loved one’s healthcare team to avoid any potentially dangerous interactions with other prescribed medications.
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• Cardiovascular Health: Medicinal cannabis use may lead to changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Caregivers should be cautious, especially if the patient has a history of heart conditions. Regular monitoring and communication with the healthcare provider are crucial.
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• Respiratory Concerns: Smoking medicinal cannabis can be detrimental to respiratory health, and should be avoided by people with pre-existing lung conditions.
  
  

• Psychiatric Conditions: While medicinal cannabis is generally safe, it’s not recommended for people with an active or previous psychotic or active mood disorder, like bipolar.
  
  

By being proactive, well-informed, and attentive to potential risks, you can minimise the chances of adverse effects and help your loved one undergo a safer course of medicinal cannabis treatment. 

Remembering Caregiver Self-Care

Let’s take a moment to appreciate all you do as a caregiver! Caregiving is such an important and inspiring experience — but it can be emotionally and physically exhausting too.

We understand that as a caregiver, you might feel guilty about taking time for your needs.  But remember that caring for yourself doesn't mean you’re neglecting your loved one! In fact, prioritising self-care will help continue to care for your loved one without burning out.

Here are some tips for ensuring you don’t put your needs last. 

• Set Boundaries: You don’t have to do it all. Establish clear boundaries between your caregiving responsibilities and personal life.
  
  

• Seek Support: Whether you’re reaching out to your healthcare team, a support group, friends, or family members, connecting with others can help you manage the stress of caregiving responsibilities.
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• Maintain Your Health: When you're caring for someone who’s unwell, it can be easy to forget about your own physical health. Take regular exercise, eat a balanced diet, and make sure you’re getting enough sleep. 
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• Schedule Breaks: Even caregivers need a break! Don’t be afraid to organise caregiving breaks where another family member or friend can step in for a few days so you can unwind and come back refreshed.  

The Wrap Up

This Caregiver's Guide to Medicinal Cannabis can help you understand the ins and outs of medicinal cannabis so that you can make informed choices for your loved one’s care. Caregiving is a deeply rewarding yet challenging role that requires significant support from medical communities to ensure that caregivers have the education and resources they need to help their loved ones.

Medicinal cannabis has shown significant potential in helping with a range of physical and mental health issues — from chronic pain management to sleep improvement, anxiety reduction, and appetite stimulation. By following the step-by-step guides included above, caregivers can navigate getting their loved one started with medicinal cannabis, help monitor and adjust treatments, and be aware of any potential risks

Here at Polln, we recognise the incredible role of caregivers and want to empower them to improve the lives and well-being of their loved ones. This guide along with other Polln resources, like our dedicated team of doctors, can help you confidently integrate medicinal cannabis into your loved one’s care routine.

Glossary of Medicinal Cannabis-Related Terms

Cannabinoids: These are the active chemical compounds found in cannabis plants, each with its own potential therapeutic effects. Two well-known cannabinoids are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), both of which interact with receptors in the body's endocannabinoid system.

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Endocannabinoid System (ECS): A remarkable biological system within the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining balance (homeostasis). The ECS consists of receptors, enzymes, and endocannabinoids, and it regulates processes such as mood, appetite, sleep, pain perception, and immune response.

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Terpenes: These are natural aromatic compounds found in medicinal cannabis, as well as in many other plants. Terpenes contribute to the distinct scent and flavour of different strains and may also have therapeutic properties. 

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Tincture: A tincture is a liquid medicinal cannabis extract that is typically placed under the tongue (sublingually) for rapid absorption. Tinctures offer a discreet and efficient way to administer medicinal cannabis, allowing for precise dosing and control over the effects.

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Edibles: Edibles are food products infused with medicinal cannabis extracts. These products provide an alternative method of consumption by ingesting medicinal cannabis, which is metabolised through the digestive system. 

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Vaping: As a caregiver, one of the common methods for administering medicinal cannabis to a loved one is through a vaporizer. Vaporisation can help ensure fast onset of the active ingredients and is considered a safer option than smoking cannabis due to reduced exposure to harmful combustion byproducts. Smoking medicinal cannabis is not recommended. 

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Dosing: Dosing refers to determining and administering the appropriate amount of medicinal cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

Once you have a medical cannabis prescription in Australia, you might be wondering how often you’ll be able to access your medication? Or how much medication you would be prescribed each time. At Polln, we’re here to help you understand the ins and outs of medicinal cannabis treatments, including how medical cannabis prescriptions work.  

Online medical cannabis clinics actually follow the same regulations as in-person medicinal cannabis clinics. Pharmacy dispensing limits help doctors and pharmacists manage the amount of medication patients have access to at any one time, while dispensing intervals help ensure that patients are able to maintain their medication treatment plan safely without gaps.

Learn more about dispensing limits and intervals for medicinal cannabis and why they’re so important for patients, doctors, and pharmacies. Let’s get started. 

What are Dispensing Limits for Medical Cannabis?

Dispensing limits are the maximum amount of a medication that can be dispensed by a pharmacy in a single medical cannabis prescription. These limits are set by your doctor and guided by the government’s classification system to make sure that patients can safely access their medications while also reducing potential risks, like misuse or addiction. For medical cannabis prescriptions in Australia, dispensing limits are influenced by a system of scheduling. Scheduling is a classification system created by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) that controls how medicines can be made available to the public.

The TGA classifies medicinal cannabis as either Schedule 8, Schedule 4, or Schedule 3, depending on its active chemical compounds — the percentages of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or CBD (cannabidiol) — and its risk potential in regards to misuse or addiction.

Depending on the type of medicinal cannabis treatment you are prescribed by your doctor, your medication could be classified as:

• Schedule 8 medicinal cannabis: These medications are considered controlled drugs and are highly regulated. Schedule 8 medicinal cannabis products usually contain high levels of THC, the psychoactive compound in cannabis, and as such, they are seen to have the highest level of risk in terms of addiction or misuse.
  
  The dispensing limits and intervals for Schedule 8 medicinal cannabis will depend on your conditions and healthcare needs.
  
  
• Schedule 4 medicinal cannabis: These are prescription-only medications that are less tightly controlled than Schedule 8 medications. These typically contain low levels of THC (less than 2%).
  
  The dispensing limits and intervals for Schedule 4 medicinal cannabis will depend on your conditions and your healthcare needs
  
  
• Schedule 3 medicinal cannabis products: These products are the least controlled and have the lowest potential for misuse and dependence. Schedule 3 medicinal cannabis products typically contain only CBD, the non-psychoactive compound in cannabis.
  
  The maximum recommended daily dose of CBD is 150mg or less, in packs containing no more than 30 days’ supply and packed in blister packaging or in a container fitted with a child-resistant closure. People prescribed Schedule 3 CBD products must be over 18 years of age.

As of February 2022, doctors can prescribe a Schedule 8 treatment to non-drug dependent patients without having to get a specialised permit from the Victorian Department of Health.

Factors That Can Influence Dispensing Limits of Medical Cannabis 

Many things can influence your dispensing limit of medicinal cannabis. These factors include:

• Your health condition: The dispensing limit and schedule of your medication will depend on your health condition and the severity of your symptoms. For example, someone with a chronic condition that requires a higher percentage of THC compounds may need a higher dispensing limit and schedule 8 medications.
  
  
• Your previous response to treatment: If you’re not responding well to a low dose of medicinal cannabis, then your doctor may increase your dose/dispensing limit. Similarly, your doctor may also reduce your dose if you’re having unwanted side effects.
  
  
• Your age and weight: Similar to many other medications, your age and weight may have an influence on the way you respond to medicinal cannabis. In some cases, younger people or people with lower body weights may be prescribed a lower dispensing limit than older people or people with a higher body weight.

Advantages of Dispensing Limits in Medical Cannabis Treatment

Even though dispensing limits can sometimes feel inconvenient, they serve as an important tool in helping manage the safe and responsible use of medicinal cannabis across Australia. Dispensing limits can help you monitor your medical routine more safely and effectively. Here are some benefits of implementing dispensing limits for medicinal cannabis:

• Improved Therapeutic Efficacy: Medicinal cannabis, like any medication, is most effective when taken according to the prescribed dosing regimen. Sticking to dispensing limits and intervals ensures that you receive the appropriate amount of active compounds to achieve its therapeutic effects.

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• Consistency of Treatment: Medicinal cannabis is often used to manage chronic conditions such as pain, epilepsy, or nausea. Consistent dosing means you can maintain stable levels of cannabinoids in your body, providing you with a more reliable and steady therapeutic effect.

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• Minimization of Side Effects: Adhering to dispensing limits can help minimise the risk of unwanted side effects associated with medical cannabis use. Overconsumption or inconsistent dosing may lead to adverse effects such as dizziness, nausea, anxiety, or cognitive impairment.

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• Avoiding Tolerance and Dependence: Regular and controlled dosing can help reduce the likelihood of developing tolerance, where the body becomes less responsive to the effects of medicinal cannabis over time. Additionally, adhering to recommended intervals can help you reduce your risk of developing dependence or addiction.
  
  

• More Accurate Health Monitoring: Adhering to your prescribed dosing limits and intervals allows your healthcare provider to collect accurate information about your response to treatment. This is essential for monitoring your progress and making informed decisions about any potential adjustments to your treatment plan.

Remember: it’s important to communicate openly with your medicinal cannabis healthcare providers and pharmacists, especially if you have concerns or have experienced any difficulties adhering to the recommended dispensing limits and intervals. By working together, patients and healthcare professionals can optimise the therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis and minimise any potential risks.

What Are Medical Cannabis Dispensing Intervals? 

Dispensing intervals refer to how often medications can be supplied to patients. There aren’t any set rules for dispensing intervals that apply uniformly across Australia for medical cannabis.

Dispensing intervals can vary based on several factors, including the schedule of the medical cannabis product, the patient's medical condition, the prescribing doctor's judgement, and local regulations.

How Do Prescribers Decide on Medical Cannabis Dispensing Intervals?

How a doctor decides on dispensing intervals for a medicinal cannabis patient depends on several factors. Healthcare authorities and regulatory bodies may provide guidelines or recommendations for appropriate dispensing intervals, but these are often adaptable to individual patient situations — after all, what works for one patient’s condition isn’t always guaranteed to work for someone else.

At Polln, we personalise prescriptions depending on the needs of each patient. Our dispensing limits and intervals will depend on many factors, including a patient’s health condition, symptoms, or even their location. As rural and regional patients often face a much longer wait time for their medications, reducing ordering intervals can allow them to avoid medication gaps. 

The Importance of Adhering to Medical Cannabis Dispensing Limits and Intervals 

Dispensing Limits and Intervals are an important part of a safe and successful medicinal cannabis treatment plan. By adhering to a consistent dosing regime, you can help ensure that your medicinal cannabis treatment can maintain its therapeutic effects and help your doctor better monitor your treatment and health outcomes.

Remember: medicinal cannabis can be either a Schedule  3, 4 or 8 medicine. So as a controlled drug, it’s even more important for patients to adhere to their set dispensing limits and intervals. 

Medicinal Cannabis Dispensing Process FAQ:
How Regularly Can You Fill Your Scripts?

There is no single answer for how often you can fill your medicinal cannabis script. The frequency in which you can fill your medicinal cannabis prescriptions will vary depending on your personal situation and your health condition. 

The Wrap Up

Pharmacy dispensing limits and intervals are an important part of ensuring a safe and effective medicinal cannabis treatment plan. Dispensing limits are influenced by the medication schedules of your medicinal cannabis type (Schedules 8, 4, and 3) which represent the percentage of THC vs. CBD present in your medication.

Pharmacy dispensing limits and intervals will be tailored to your healthcare needs by your doctor and are based on your condition, symptoms, and location. If you have any questions about your dispensing limits and intervals, we suggest discussing this with your doctor in your next consultation or reaching out to our friendly Care Team at hello@polln.com.

Just like birth, death is a natural part of the human experience — yet it remains one of the most sensitive and least discussed topics in society. Dying to Know Day helps people start important discussions around end-of-life planning and ensures that people in the final stages of life can receive the compassionate care they deserve.

The annual event observed on the 8th of August each year in Australia, "Dying to Know Day" raises awareness about planning for death and encourages all adult Australians to be strong self-advocates for end-of-life and palliative care choices. 

When you’re thinking about palliative care planning for yourself or a loved one, it can be hard to know where to start or what medications could provide the most comfort. Medicinal cannabis has emerged as an effective complementary therapy in the field of palliative care for some patients, with ongoing scientific research showing that medicinal cannabis may help to alleviate pain, reduce discomfort, and address distressing symptoms experienced by terminally ill patients. 

So today, let’s learn more about the importance of Dying to Know Day, explore palliative care, and learn about how medicinal cannabis may help people naturally reduce their pain and improve their quality of life in their final days.

What is Dying to Know Day?

Dying to Know Day is an annual event observed on the 8th of August in Australia.

The event encourages people to start conversations about advance care planning, palliative care options, and — importantly— how to document your healthcare preferences before you think you’ll need to.

Avoiding the topic of death is fairly normal. It’s hard to imagine the end of our lives or imagine the people we love reaching the end of their lives. For many people, it’s easier to put off hard conversations and continue living in the moment. However, the fear of this natural transition can sometimes mean that our end-of-life wishes aren’t known or acted upon later.

In Australia, Death can be a very difficult subject. So much so that a recent study indicated that up to 70% of Australians don’t have a legally binding will and only 15% of the general adult community and 14% of older people have advanced care planning in place to document their healthcare decisions if they become seriously ill and unable to communicate their treatment preferences.

Through community events, workshops, and educational programs, Dying to Know Day seeks to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their healthcare, ensuring their wishes are respected. This day provides an opportunity for us to be brave and embrace the facts of death and dying, including cultural practices, spiritual beliefs, and the role of palliative care.

What is Palliative Care? 

Palliative care is a holistic approach to end-of-life healthcare that focuses on providing support, relief, and comfort to individuals with life-limiting illnesses. Unlike curative treatments that target the underlying disease, palliative care aims to improve the overall quality of life for patients and their families by addressing physical, emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual needs.

This specialised form of care is not always limited to end-of-life stages but can be provided alongside curative treatments to enhance the patient's well-being throughout the course of their illness.

Understanding what kind of palliative care you want, or want for your family is an important part of end-of-life planning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, social workers, counsellors, or our specialist Polln doctors to provide unique medicinal cannabis support, can collaborate to create personalised care plans that cater to each patient's unique needs. 

Common Palliative Care Medications

There is no one palliative care medication. Instead, a variety of medications may be prescribed to manage pain, control symptoms, and address specific medical needs. Some of the common palliative care medications that people may want to include in their end-of-life planning include:

Analgesics (Pain Medications):

• Non-Opioid Analgesics: Non-opioid pain medications like acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen may be used for mild to moderate pain relief or in combination with opioids to enhance pain control.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: Medicinal cannabis, containing cannabinoids like THC and CBD, has shown promise in managing pain effectively. Some palliative care patients may find relief from chronic pain through the use of medicinal cannabis as a complementary or alternative option to traditional analgesics.
  
  
• Opioids: Opioids are potent pain-relieving medications frequently used in palliative care to manage moderate to severe pain. Common opioids include morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and hydromorphone. They work by binding to specific receptors in the central nervous system to block pain signals.‍

Antiemetics (Anti-Nausea Medications):

• Ondansetron: Ondansetron is an antiemetic (anti-nausea) medication commonly used to prevent or alleviate nausea and vomiting, particularly associated with chemotherapy or opioid use. However, it’s important to note this can cause constipation with long-term use.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: Medicinal cannabis has demonstrated antiemetic properties, making it a potential option for managing treatment-induced nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients.
  
  
• Metoclopramide: Metoclopramide is another antiemetic that can help manage nausea and improve gastric emptying. However, this can cause akathesia (an inability to remain still) which lasts a few hours. Unfortunately, doctors cannot predict which patients will experience this common side effect until they actually take this medication.
  

Anxiolytics (Anxiety Medications):

• Lorazepam: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to manage anxiety, agitation, or restlessness in palliative care patients.
  
  
• Diazepam: Diazepam is another benzodiazepine with anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties, often used to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety.
  
  
• Midazolam: Midazolam is a benzodiazepine commonly used for symptom management in palliative care, such as relieving anxiety, managing seizures, or inducing sedation for comfort.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: CBD-dominant strains of medicinal cannabis have shown potential as anxiolytics, providing a sense of calm and relaxation without the psychoactive effects of THC. These strains may be considered to relieve anxiety or emotional distress in end-of-life patients.
  

Antidepressants and Antipsychotics:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): SSRIs such as sertraline and fluoxetine may be used to manage depression and anxiety in palliative care patients.
  
  
• Atypical Antipsychotics: Atypical (lower risk) antipsychotic medications like quetiapine can help manage agitation, delirium, or psychosis.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: While not a primary treatment for psychiatric conditions, some patients may find relief from symptoms of anxiety and depression through the use of medicinal cannabis, particularly CBD-rich strains.
  

Corticosteroids and inflammation management:

• Dexamethasone: Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is often used in palliative care to reduce inflammation and control symptoms like pain or edema.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: Some studies suggest that certain cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis have anti-inflammatory properties, which may be beneficial in managing symptoms associated with inflammation.
  

Laxatives and Stool Softeners:

• Senna: Senna is a natural laxative used to treat constipation in palliative care patients.
  
  
• Docusate Sodium: Docusate sodium is a stool softener that helps ease bowel movements and prevent constipation.
  

Antipyretics (Fever-Reducing Medications):

• Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen (Paracetamol, sold as Panadol) is commonly used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain in palliative care patients.‍

Anticholinergics (inhibits involuntary muscle movements):

• Scopolamine: Scopolamine patches may be used to help manage the presence of mucus in the respiratory tract (death rattle) or help with certain symptoms like nausea or delirium.
  

Sedatives and Hypnotics:

• Zolpidem: Zolpidem is a sedative medication that may be used for short-term management of insomnia in palliative care.
  
  
• Medicinal Cannabis: Certain strains of medicinal cannabis, particularly those higher in CBD content, may offer potential benefits in promoting relaxation and improving sleep quality for people experiencing insomnia.

Remember that medication choices during palliative care are different for every person and that your or a loved one’s patient needs may change over time. Regular assessment, communication, and adjustments to medication regimens are an important part of overall palliative care management.

How Can Medicinal Cannabis Help People in Palliative Care? 

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential of medicinal cannabis as a complementary therapy in palliative care. Medicinal cannabis contains various cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body's endocannabinoid system to produce a range of therapeutic effects.

One potential benefit of medicinal cannabis for end-of-life care is that it is able to manage several common palliative care areas at once for some patients, these include:

• Pain Management: Chronic pain is a common and distressing symptom experienced by people with advanced illnesses. By acting on the body's endocannabinoid receptors, medicinal cannabis may modulate pain perception and offer an alternative or complementary option for pain relief for some patients.

• Nausea and Vomiting Relief: Nausea and vomiting, often caused by treatments such as chemotherapy, can be managed by medicinal cannabis. It has shown promise in stimulating appetite, which can be helpful for some patients experiencing reduced food intake due to their illness.
  

• Anxiety and Emotional Support: Understandably, facing a life-limiting illness can trigger intense emotional distress and anxiety in both patients and their families. Incorporating medicinal cannabis into the palliative care regimen may provide emotional support to some patients during their end-of-life journey.
  
  It’s important to note that there is a potential for cannabis to cause or increase anxiety in some patients so it’s always important to work with an experienced doctor when exploring new treatments

• Improved Sleep: Insomnia and disrupted sleep patterns are common challenges faced by palliative care patients. Medicinal cannabis has shown potential in improving sleep quality and addressing sleep disturbances in some patients.
  

• Reduced Dependence on Opioids: In cases where palliative care patients rely on opioids for pain management, medicinal cannabis may provide increased pain relief with lower opioid doses, minimising the risk of opioid-related side effects, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, itchy skin, dizziness, dry mouth and sedation.

If you’re thinking about including medicinal cannabis into your or a loved one’s end-of-life care plans, then it’s a good idea to reach out to a knowledgeable doctor, like a member of our caring Polln team, about your options and learn more about how medicinal cannabis can potentially support comfort care for the dying.

It’s also important to remember that while medicinal cannabis holds promise as a complementary therapy in palliative care, the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis may vary depending on individual factors such as the patient's specific medical condition, medical history, and tolerance levels.

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Possible Risks of Medical Cannabis

When deciding on any kind of medication, it's also essential to acknowledge any possible risks. A comprehensive discussion with a caring medical professional can help you make an informed decision about whether medical cannabis is the right option for you and your health.

While medical cannabis is a natural treatment option, some potential risks of medicinal cannabis include:

• Cognitive Effects: Depending on the compounds present and their concentrations, medical cannabis can sometimes lead to cognitive changes, including impaired memory and concentration.

• Interactions and Side Effects: Just like any medication, medical cannabis could interact with other medications you're taking. Although side effects are fewer than with traditional medications, it’s still worth talking them over with your doctor.

• Psychoactive Effects of THC: The psychoactive nature of THC may not be appropriate for people with certain mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

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Commonly Used Cannabinoids in Palliative Medicine 

Cannabinoids, the active compounds found in medicinal cannabis, interact with the body's endocannabinoid system in different ways to regulate various bodily functions. In palliative medicine, certain cannabinoids provide different kinds of potential therapeutic benefits for patients facing life-limiting illnesses. Some cannabinoids that could provide therapeutic benefits in palliative care include:

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): ‍

THC is one of the primary compounds in cannabis, commonly known for its euphoric effects (aka the ‘high’). In palliative care, THC-rich medications are often prescribed to address pain and discomfort experienced by patients.

Cannabidiol (CBD):‍

CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in medicinal cannabis. It can provide therapeutic effects without causing the "high" associated with THC. In palliative medicine, CBD-dominant treatments are often prescribed to address symptoms like anxiety, nausea, and inflammation.

Cannabinol (CBN):‍

CBN is a minor cannabinoid that’s found in aged or oxidised medicinal cannabis. While CBN is not as extensively studied as THC or CBD, some research suggests potential sedative effects that may aid in sleep and relaxation for patients experiencing insomnia or restlessness.

Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC):‍

Delta-8-THC is a less potent isomer of Delta-9-THC, the primary psychoactive compound in medicinal cannabis. It exhibits milder psychoactive effects and may be considered as an option for patients who are sensitive to Delta-9-THC.

Cannabigerol (CBG):‍

CBG is another non-psychoactive minor cannabinoid found in medicinal cannabis. While research on CBG is still in its early stages, it has shown potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which might be relevant to palliative care patients managing various symptoms.

Healthcare providers, like our experienced cannabis-friendly Polln doctors, can work closely with patients and their families to find the most appropriate and effective cannabinoids to offer symptom relief and improve the overall well-being of those facing end-of-life challenges.

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How to Include Medicinal Cannabis in a Palliative Care Plan

If this Dying to Know Day, you’re thinking about incorporating medicinal cannabis into your or someone you love’s palliative care plan it is essential to seek guidance from your healthcare team. Here are some steps to include medicinal cannabis in your palliative care plan:

Step 1: Talk to Your Palliative Care Team and/or Healthcare Professionals

Whether you’re looking to include medicinal cannabis into a current or future palliative care plan, talking to a knowledgeable healthcare team is the first step. Share your interest in exploring this treatment option and ask for their guidance.

Your healthcare team can help you understand the potential benefits and risks of using medicinal cannabis for your specific symptoms and medical condition. If you’re working with a specialised medicinal cannabis doctor, like a Polln Medicinal Cannabis practitioner, then they can integrate their care with your, or a loved one’s, pre-existing healthcare team to ensure better patient outcomes.  

Step 2: Discuss Your Medical History and Current Symptoms‍

Your healthcare team will discuss your medical history and the symptoms you are experiencing. Be open about any pain, nausea, anxiety, or other issues you are facing. If you’re planning for future care, then highlight current conditions that might need further management later on (i.e., anxiety disorders).

Step 3: Consider the Best Form of Medicinal Cannabis for You

Discuss which form of medicinal cannabis (capsules, flower, oils etc.) might be the most appropriate for you based on your preferences and medical needs. Your medical team will consider factors like ease of administration and how quickly you need relief from your symptoms. Learn more about the different medicinal cannabis formats available here.

Step 4: Work Together to Find the Right Dosage

If you decide to start a course of medicinal cannabis, your specialist doctor will start you on a low dose and adjust it based on how you respond. It's important to share any changes in your symptoms or side effects so your dose can be adjusted as necessary.

The Bottom Line

Dying to Know Day serves as an annual reminder of how death is a natural and inevitable part of life — and that rather than ignore it or hide from it, there is a lot to be gained from having open discussions about the end of life and how we can plan for a comfortable departure.

Dying to Know Day empowers people to make informed decisions about their healthcare and encourages discussions about advance care planning and palliative care options for themselves or their loved ones. Palliative care is an important part of end-of-life planning. It provides a holistic approach to end-of-life healthcare and can help support a patient's physical, emotional, and spiritual needs.

For people considering medicinal cannabis to support a palliative care plan for themselves or a loved one to potentially help alleviate pain, manage symptoms like nausea and anxiety, and improve sleep quality. It’s important to involve healthcare professionals, like our Polln doctors, in the decision-making process so as to best support each person’s unique end-of-life needs.

FAQs:

Can cannabis cause nausea in palliative care? ‍

Medicinal cannabis can cause nausea in some palliative care patients, but it can also relieve it. The effects of cannabis on nausea depend on the individual, the type and dose of cannabis medication used, and the underlying medical condition.

Some studies have found that cannabis can reduce nausea and vomiting in cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy, as such, medicinal cannabis is sometimes prescribed to alleviate these symptoms in palliative care. However, medicinal cannabis, like any medication, can have side effects, and some people may experience nausea from its use. Some people may also experience nausea when they consume high doses or specific types of medicinal cannabis.

Is cannabis an effective and safe treatment option in the management of palliative care pain?

The use of medicinal cannabis in managing palliative care pain is an area of ongoing research with evidence showing its potential benefits in end-of-life pain management for some patients.

However, it's important to note that individual responses to medical cannabis treatments can vary and as with all medication, there are potential risks to be aware of. It’s best to consult with a qualified medicinal cannabis doctor for a full assessment of your health history and goals. An experienced practitioner who is also experienced with geriatrics and palliative care can also address any safety concerns you might have related to THC's side effects and potential interactions with other medications.

Since the legalisation of medicinal cannabis in Australia in 2016, more and more clinics offering medicinal cannabis treatments and prescriptions have popped up all across the country. And while more clinics means more choice for patients, more visibility, and more public recognition for medicinal cannabis being a viable treatment choice for many medical conditions, the growing number of clinics can also make it hard for patients to choose a medicinal cannabis clinic to suit their needs.

At Polln, we understand how important it is for people to find a clinic that supports them in their health goals. After all, the clinic you choose will directly impact your well-being, your patient safety, and your treatment’s effectiveness. By making an informed choice, patients can access the potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis while also receiving professional guidance from qualified medical experts.

Today, we’ll explore what to look for when choosing a medicinal cannabis clinic, teach you how to spot any red flags, explain the legal landscape surrounding medicinal cannabis access in Australia, and give you the knowledge you need to make a well-informed decision.

Understanding Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

While not as advanced as our Canadian and American counterparts, Australia has made significant strides in regulating the use of medicinal cannabis. In 2016, the Australian government amended the Narcotic Drugs Act, allowing for the legal cultivation and production of medicinal cannabis products. This change marked a crucial turning point in providing patients with access to alternative treatment options.

However, medicinal cannabis here in Australia is still subject to fairly strict regulations. Patients must meet certain eligibility criteria and get a prescription from a qualified medical practitioner to access medicinal cannabis treatments. Learn more about accessing medicinal cannabis in Australia here.

Can you get medicinal cannabis from your GP?

While you can choose to visit a general practitioner (GP) to access medicinal cannabis in Australia, there are several advantages to using a specialised medicinal cannabis clinic to access advice and treatments. 

While GPs play a vital role in primary healthcare and are knowledgeable about a wide range of medical conditions, medicinal cannabis clinics offer specialised expertise and a more comprehensive approach to cannabis-based therapies.

Some reasons to choose a specialised medicinal cannabis clinic include:

• Expertise in Medicinal Cannabis: Medicinal cannabis clinics are specifically focused on cannabis-based treatments, which means they have in-depth knowledge and experience in prescribing and managing medicinal cannabis treatments - as well as the conditions and symptoms that could potentially be managed with natural therapies.
• Access to Specialised Treatment: Certain medicinal cannabis clinics provide access to a broader range of medicinal cannabis medications and treatment options that may not be readily available through a GP. This could include newer medications, treatments that may be conventionally more difficult to procure as well as uniquely compounded medications.  
• ‍Convenient All-in-One Appointments and Pharmacy Dispensing: Some specialised medical cannabis clinics like Polln provide complete end-to-end care, meaning that patients can book and attend their consultations conveniently from home and have their treatments delivered to them. This can be especially beneficial for patients living in rural or remote locations.
• ‍In-Depth Understanding of Cannabis Laws and Regulations: Medicinal cannabis clinics stay up-to-date with the ever-evolving laws and regulations surrounding medicinal cannabis in Australia. They can navigate the complex legal landscape, ensuring patients receive treatment in full compliance with relevant regulations and obtain the necessary approvals from regulatory bodies.
• ‍Holistic Patient-Centric Care: Some medicinal cannabis clinics, like Polln, adopt a patient-centric approach, focusing not only on the medical condition but also on the overall well-being of the individual. 
• ‍Streamlined Medical Assessment: At specialist medicinal cannabis clinics, the process of assessing a patient's eligibility for medical cannabis cannabis-based treatment is more efficient. The medical professionals at these clinics have experience in evaluating patients' medical histories and symptoms to determine whether medicinal cannabis is a suitable option for their condition.

Some clinics like Polln also help all of their doctors become Authorised Prescribers (AP) which means that they have received approval from the Therapeutic Goods Association (TGA) to write medical cannabis prescriptions. This focused approach can save patients time and reduce potential delays in accessing treatment.

However, it's important to note that consulting with your regular GP may be a good idea as a first step. Your GP can provide important background information and referrals to medicinal cannabis clinics and work together as a team for your healthcare needs.

Green Flags: What to Consider When Choosing a Medicinal Cannabis Clinic

Before choosing a clinic, it’s a good idea to consider a range of factors to find a clinic that will provide the best care for you. Just like any healthcare option, there is a lot to consider beyond just whether or not your clinic can provide you with medication. Some things you may want to consider include. 

‍✅ Easy Accessibility: Just like with your local doctor's surgery, it’s important to choose a close-by or online clinic that won't add commuting stress to your regime. Depending on your circumstances, you may prefer a reputable online clinic that allows you to speak to your doctor from the comfort of your home. This can be especially beneficial if you live in a remote or rural location, if you require frequent appointments or follow-ups.

‍✅ Highly Qualified Medical Professionals and Staff: Look for high expertise and qualifications of the medical professionals and staff at a potential clinic. It’s best to look for additional medical cannabis qualifications or experience - bonus points if doctors are Authorised Prescribers. Look for doctors who are also Authorised Prescribers (AP) who have TGA approval to write medical cannabis prescriptions — saving you time in receiving treatment. 

‍✅ Long and comprehensive consultations: When deciding on a clinic, make sure your doctors will take the time to fully understand your health background and needs. Some patients find that anything less than a 30-minute in-person or video consultation is not thorough enough. It’s also a good idea to consider how they make you feel — a supportive and compassionate team can enhance your treatment experience.

‍✅ Product agnostic clinics: Product agnostic clinics, like Polln, do not have vested interests in promoting specific medicinal cannabis products. As a result, the medical professionals in these clinics can offer unbiased treatment recommendations based solely on your medical condition and needs and have access to any medicinal products available in Australia. Their primary concern is finding the most effective treatment plan for you, regardless of which licensed producer's product it involves.

It is also essential to inquire about the sourcing and quality control measures of the medicinal cannabis products offered. Legitimate clinics work with licensed producers and adhere to stringent quality standards to ensure patients receive safe and effective treatments.

‍✅ Easy Delivery and Treatment Access: Your clinic should provide fast and easy delivery options for your medication. Some clinics or GPs may only provide a prescription, leaving you to search for one of the scarce medicinal cannabis prescribing pharmacies to physically fill your script. By selecting an online clinic that includes delivery services, you’ll be able to access your medication quickly and easily every time.

‍✅ Good Clinic's Reputation and Experience: The reputation and experience of the medicinal cannabis clinic are a good indicator of the quality of care they can provide. Research potential clinics online and look for patient reviews and testimonials to gauge the experiences of others. 

What Kind of Consultation Process Should I Look For?

When choosing a medical cannabis clinic, look for one that provides a comprehensive consultation process and longer appointments. 

More face-to-face time (whether it be online or in person) during the initial consultation, means that your doctor will be able to conduct a thorough assessment of your health, medical history, and the specific symptoms you are experiencing. Anything below 30 minutes for a first consultation may not give your prescribing doctor enough time to understand your conditions and symptoms and write an effective, personalised treatment plan.

The clinic should provide personalised advice on medicinal cannabis usage, including appropriate dosages and potential side effects. Follow-up appointments and the option for adjustments to your treatment plan as needed are also essential elements of a reliable medicinal cannabis clinic. These kinds of regular check-ins allow the medical team to monitor your progress and make necessary modifications to optimise treatment outcomes.

Red Flags: What to Avoid When Choosing a Medicinal Cannabis Clinic 

While the growing acceptance of medicinal cannabis in Australia has opened doors to many legitimate and trustworthy clinics, it has also led to the emergence of some questionable providers. 

To protect your health and ensure a positive treatment experience, it is important to be aware of red flags that may suggest a medicinal cannabis clinic is unreliable or may not provide a high level of care. Here are some warning signs to watch out for:

‍🚩 Not speaking with an actual doctor: When choosing a medicinal cannabis clinic, make sure you always have access to speak to a doctor (whether it’s in person or over a video call). Some providers will only provide phone consultations or even text-based consultations. Make sure you are getting the quality of care you deserve. 

‍🚩 Product-specific clinics: A responsible medicinal cannabis clinic should tailor your treatments to you. Avoid clinics that only prescribe one brand or type of treatment. Treatment decisions should be based on your medical needs alone, not about making profits.

‍🚩 One-size-fits-all approaches: Avoid clinics where doctors appear to have a one-size-fits-all method, who seem to write prescriptions for medicinal cannabis without conducting thorough assessments. Each patient is unique, and a personalised treatment plan is crucial for optimising outcomes. Reputable clinics will take the time to understand your specific medical history, symptoms, and needs before recommending any treatment.‍

🚩 Unrealistic treatment promises: Beware of clinics that make unrealistic promises or guarantees about the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis in curing/treating specific conditions. While medicinal cannabis has shown therapeutic potential for certain conditions, it is not a miracle cure for all health problems.

‍🚩 Slow or delayed medication delivery: Some medicinal cannabis providers might not be set up to quickly dispense and deliver your medication. While this might not be a problem for some people, if you are living with chronic pain or a condition that requires timely treatments you may want to ensure that you choose a clinic with end-to-end consultation and expedited medication delivery.‍

🚩 Lack of transparency or vague information: Reputable medicinal cannabis clinics prioritise transparency and medical cannabis education with their patients. If you find a clinic that seems evasive or avoids answering your questions or doesn’t have an emphasis on patient education, it could be a sign of potential issues.

‍🚩 Lack of referrals or positive patient reviews: A credible medicinal cannabis clinic should have a track record of positive patient experiences. Look for feedback from previous patients about their encounters with the clinic. If you find a clinic with consistently negative reviews or a lack of positive feedback, it may be best to explore other options.‍

🚩 Unsympathetic doctors: A trustworthy medicinal cannabis clinic should have medical professionals who genuinely care about their patient's well-being and prioritise individualised care. Be cautious if you encounter doctors who seem disinterested, rushed, or lack empathy during consultations.

Tips for Making an Informed Clinic Decision

Like any healthcare choice, choosing the right medicinal cannabis clinic for your needs is a big decision that requires careful consideration. To ensure that you make an informed decision and find a clinic that best suits your needs, here are some essential tips to guide you through the selection process:

• Conduct Thorough Research: Be wary of advertising or making impulsive decisions. Take the time to research various medicinal cannabis clinics and look for reputable clinics with a history of positive patient experiences and a track record of providing quality care.
• ‍Seek Recommendations from Healthcare Professionals: Consulting with your other healthcare providers (including general practitioners (GP), naturopaths, nutritionists, or other specialists) can provide valuable guidance on medicinal cannabis treatments. They may recommend reliable clinics or provide advice to ensure that your treatment plan aligns with your existing medical conditions/medications. 
• ‍Contact the Clinic First, If You Need: It’s ok to need a little more information than what you find on a clinic website. A good clinic will give you the option of calling their team to ask any questions you might have before making an appointment. This also helps you gauge the clinic’s approach and how they communicate with patients.
• ‍Compare Costs and Services Offered: Different medicinal cannabis clinics may offer varying services and pricing structures. Compare the costs of consultations, products, and any additional services provided. Remember: the cheapest option may not always be the best, so prioritise the quality of care and the reputation of the clinic over cost alone.‍
• Evaluate the Consultation Process: A reputable clinic will conduct a comprehensive consultation that includes an in-depth assessment of your medical history, symptoms, and overall health. The medical professionals should discuss potential treatment options, address any concerns you may have, and tailor a personalised treatment plan based on your needs.‍
• Trust Your Gut: At the end of the day, it’s important to trust your instincts and choose a medicinal cannabis clinic where you feel comfortable and confident in the medical professionals' abilities. A caring and supportive environment can significantly impact your treatment experience and overall well-being.

By following these tips, you can navigate the process of choosing a medicinal cannabis clinic with confidence and make an informed decision that aligns with your health needs and treatment goals. Your health is important, so take the time to find a reputable medicinal cannabis clinic that will support you and your health goals now and in the future.

The Wrap Up

The process of choosing a medicinal cannabis clinic is an important decision for many patients in Australia. By understanding the legal landscape, evaluating crucial factors, and being aware of both green and red flags, you can make an informed decision that supports your health needs and ensures a safe, effective, and compassionate medicinal cannabis treatment experience.

Remember that as everyone's medical background, health goals, and experiences with medicinal cannabis will vary, and it is essential to select a clinic that will take the time to conduct a full medical evaluation and find the right treatment schedule for you. Armed with the knowledge and insights provided in this article, we hope you can prioritise your well-being and seek a reputable, caring clinic, like Polln, that will put your well-being first.  

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Chronic pain is a complex and challenging condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Managing chronic pain can be difficult for both patients and healthcare providers, especially when dealing with other conditions and potential interactions between different pain medications.

In recent years, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a potential natural alternative for chronic pain management, offering promising results in providing pain relief for some patients. However, using medicinal cannabis alongside other pain medications requires careful consideration and open communication with healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective pain management.

Let’s explore the potential benefits and risks of using medicinal cannabis with other pain medications, and discuss how to safely incorporate medicinal cannabis into your pain management plan.

What is Chronic Pain?

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines chronic pain as pain that lasts for more than 12 weeks. Unlike acute (short-term) pain, chronic pain can persist even after the initial issue is treated. Chronic pain is complex and can be caused and influenced by many factors, including injury, illness, and underlying medical conditions.

Chronic pain affects about 20% of adults worldwide. For people with chronic pain, it’s typical for them to experience more than one type, for example, people may have a chronic pain condition like fibromyalgia and chronic back pain at the same time.

In addition to feeling the physical effects of pain, many chronic pain patients will have their symptoms amplified or influenced by their mental health. Over 67% of people with chronic pain also live with a mental health issue, such as major depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder.

Why is chronic pain so difficult to manage?

If you’re looking to manage your chronic pain, it can be difficult to know where to start, which medications to use, or which medications shouldn’t mix. Chronic pain is complex and difficult to manage, for patients and healthcare providers alike. Some reasons why people might find it hard to manage chronic pain include:

• Managing Multiple Medications: Chronic pain often has comorbidities (other conditions happening at the same time). People with chronic pain may also live with other conditions, like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, depression, anxiety or arthritis — all of which may have different medication schedules that may not interact well with certain pain medications.
  
  Managing multiple conditions alongside chronic pain effectively can be challenging as practitioners need to address the larger picture of your overall well-being. It’s important to find a practitioner, like one of our Polln doctors, who will look at your health history and goals holistically to ensure safe pain management.
  
  
• Chronic pain is unique to everyone: The exact experience of chronic pain can vary greatly from person to person. This means that management strategies need to be tailored to each patient. Some factors that affect how your pain is felt and processed in your body include your genetics, your past experiences with pain, and your psychological well-being.
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• Multiple Causes: There isn’t just one cause of chronic pain. Chronic pain can have various underlying causes and can have physical, psychological, and environmental factors, making it challenging to pinpoint a single cause for treatment.
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• Growing Tolerance: Long-term use of some pain medications, including opioids and NSAIDs, can lead to tolerance, where higher doses are needed to achieve the same pain relief. 
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• Avoiding Side Effects and Dependency: Some pain medications, including opioids and NSAIDs, carry the risk of side effects and/or addiction, making them less ideal for long-term management.
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• Limitations of Current Treatments: While there are various treatment options available for chronic pain, not all patients respond the same way to these treatments. Some individuals may find relief with one approach, while others may not experience significant improvement.

Due to the complicated nature of chronic pain, a comprehensive approach is often required to manage the condition effectively. This may involve a combination of medical treatments, physical therapy, psychological support, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.

At Polln, our individualised care and patient-centred approach help us address the unique challenges each person faces when dealing with chronic pain. Make a booking at our online clinic today to learn more about your chronic pain treatment options. 

Common Pain Medications for Chronic Pain and How They Work?

There are several types of pain medications used to manage chronic pain which work in different ways to relieve pain. Before starting any course of pain medication, it’s important to talk to your doctor — even if you’re taking over-the-counter products. Here are some common types of pain medications for chronic pain:

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as over-the-counter ibuprofen (Nurofen), naproxen, and aspirin, are commonly used to reduce inflammation and provide pain relief. They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals in the body that promote inflammation, swelling, and pain. NSAIDs are particularly effective for musculoskeletal pain, such as arthritis and low back pain.
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• ‍Acetaminophen: Over-the-counter  acetaminophen (paracetamol, or brand name Panadol) is a pain reliever that is often used to manage mild to moderate pain. Unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory properties, so it is more suitable for pain that is not caused by inflammation. While paracetamol is widely used, scientists aren’t sure exactly how it works — though it may take effect by reducing pain signals in the brain.
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• Opioids: Prescription opioids, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl, are powerful pain medications that are used for moderate to severe chronic pain. Opioids work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain. They can be effective in providing short-term pain relief but can come with risks of tolerance, dependence, and addiction, so they are typically reserved for cases where other treatments have not been effective or are not suitable.
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• Medicinal Cannabis: Medicinal cannabis contains cannabinoids like CBD and THC, which interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. It may provide pain relief through its interactions with cannabinoid receptors, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential neuroprotective effects. Medicinal cannabis has gained attention as an alternative or adjunct therapy for chronic pain management, particularly when other treatments have been ineffective or come with unwanted side effects.
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• ‍Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants, particularly tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), can be used to manage certain types of chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain. These medications may help by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, which can modulate pain signals and improve pain perception.
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• ‍Anticonvulsants: Anticonvulsant medications, such as gabapentin and pregabalin, can be used to treat neuropathic pain, which results from nerve damage or malfunction. These medications work by reducing abnormal nerve firing and stabilising overactive pain pathways.
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• ‍Muscle Relaxants: Muscle relaxants, like cyclobenzaprine and baclofen, are used to relieve muscle spasms and associated pain. They work by reducing muscle contractions and promoting relaxation.
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• ‍Topical Analgesics: Topical analgesics, such as creams, gels, or patches containing substances like capsaicin or lidocaine, can be applied directly to the skin over the painful area. These medications provide localised pain relief by numbing the nerves or reducing pain signals in the affected area.

Before deciding to take any of the medications described above, it’s important for every patient with chronic pain to first talk with their healthcare provider to decide on the most appropriate pain management approach.

In some cases, a combination of different medications or treatments might be the best option to achieve pain relief and minimise potential side effects and risks. Additionally, non-pharmacological treatments, such as physical therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and lifestyle modifications, can be included in the overall pain management plan.

Medicinal Cannabis and Chronic Pain Management

Medicinal cannabis may work for chronic pain management through its interactions with the body's endocannabinoid system, which regulates various physiological functions, including pain perception. The cannabis plant contains cannabinoids such as CBD and THC, responsible for its potential therapeutic effects on pain.

Medicinal cannabis has been shown to provide an effective and relatively safe chronic pain management treatment, especially when compared with traditional opioid-based therapies. Medicinal cannabis contains active components called cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD. These cannabinoids work in our body by interacting with specific receptors called endocannabinoid receptors. The two main receptors are CB1 and CB2. When THC and CBD bind to these receptors, they can provide relief from pain. Learn more about cannabinoids and how they interact with the human body here.

This interaction affects the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the body) and dampens the transmission of pain signals, providing pain-relieving effects. Additionally, medicinal cannabis possesses anti-inflammatory properties, further adding to its effectiveness as a treatment for chronic pain. 

Individuals considering medicinal cannabis for chronic pain should always consult with knowledgeable healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about its use in their specific cases.

Can Medicinal Cannabis Interact with Other Pain Medications?

Medicinal cannabis, containing cannabinoids like CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), has the potential to interact with other pain medications commonly used alongside chronic pain management. These interactions can affect the way medications are metabolised and how they work in the body. Here's an overview of how medicinal cannabis may potentially interact with some of these medications:

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Medicinal cannabis and NSAIDs are considered safe to take together. Cannabis, particularly CBD, may have complementary anti-inflammatory effects with NSAIDs. This means that combining the two may enhance the overall anti-inflammatory response.

However, one recent study suggests that cannabinoids could interfere with the metabolism of NSAIDs in the body potentially leading to altered levels of the NSAIDs in the bloodstream, affecting their effectiveness. However, more research is needed to confirm this.

• Acetaminophen: There are no significant interactions between medicinal cannabis and acetaminophen (Paracetamol) and it’s generally safer to combine the two. However, it’s important to be wary of using CBD alongside high or prolonged doses of acetaminophen, as that could have a negative effect on the liver.
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• Opioids: Combining medicinal cannabis with opioids can have complex interactions. Some studies suggest that CBD may enhance the pain-relieving effects of opioids, allowing for lower opioid doses. However, this combination can also increase the risk of central nervous system depression and respiratory depression, which can be very dangerous, especially in higher doses. Careful monitoring and dosage adjustments by a healthcare provider are essential if using both treatments together.
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• ‍Antidepressants: The interactions between CBD and antidepressant medications can be complex and may result in either potentiation or an increased risk of side effects. CBD can interact with antidepressant medications, specifically those that are metabolised by the hepatic enzyme CYP2D6.

When CBD inhibits this enzyme, it can cause the levels of certain antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, beta-blockers, and opioids, to increase in the bloodstream. This could potentially lead to stronger effects or an increased risk of side effects from these medications.

This doesn’t mean patients can’t take antidepressants and medicinal cannabis — it does mean, however, that people taking antidepressants and considering using medicinal cannabis should discuss potential interactions with their healthcare providers, like one of our Polln doctors,  to ensure safe and effective use of both medications.

• Anticonvulsants: The interactions between medicinal cannabis (specifically CBD) and anticonvulsant medications can be quite complex. CBD can affect how anticonvulsants are metabolised in the body and may also influence their effectiveness. Doctors should carefully monitor patients using CBD alongside anticonvulsants to ensure effectiveness and minimise any potential adverse effects.
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• ‍Muscle Relaxants: Medicinal cannabis may enhance the effects of muscle relaxants, leading to increased sedation and motor impairment. Combining these kinds of medications can be dangerous and require careful monitoring by a healthcare provider.
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• ‍Topical Analgesics: There are no significant interactions between medicinal cannabis and topical analgesics, as these are applied externally and have limited systemic absorption.
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• ‍Anti-anxiety Medications: Medicinal cannabis, particularly THC, may not be safe to combine with some anti-anxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines). It can heighten sedative effects when combined with antianxiety medications and lead to excessive drowsiness and impaired cognitive function. Interestingly, medicinal cannabis may help some patients stop taking benzodiazepines. One study even shows that almost 50% of patients were able to discontinue their pre-existing benzodiazepine therapy after a two-month course of medicinal cannabis. 
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• ‍Sleep Aids: Combining medicinal cannabis with sleep medications (like benzodiazepines or Ambien) can be problematic. It can lead to increased drowsiness and sedation. Some people may also experience impaired judgement, thinking, and motor coordination. Dosage adjustments may be necessary to avoid excessive sedation.

It's important to remember that the above list is not exhaustive and individual responses to these combinations of medications can vary. Whenever you start a new course of medication, it’s important to talk to your doctor first. New medications require professional guidance to ensure a safe and effective pain management plan.

How to Safely Take Medicinal Cannabis with Other Medications

Taking medicinal cannabis safely alongside other medications requires careful consideration and open communication with your doctor. Here are some guidelines to follow for safe and effective use of medicinal cannabis alongside other medications:

• Talk to your Healthcare Provider: Always disclose your use of medicinal cannabis to all healthcare providers, including doctors, specialists, and pharmacists. Provide them with a complete list of all medications, supplements, and herbs you are taking, including the specific medical cannabis treatments and dosages. The more they know, the less chance something can slip through the gaps. 
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• Watch for Drug Interactions: Be aware of potential drug interactions between medicinal cannabis and your other medications. Check websites like drugs.com to look up specific interactions. Give special attention to risks associated with opioids, benzodiazepines, and other sedative medications and keep an eye out for side effects.
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• ‍Seek Expert Guidance: Consult with knowledgeable medicinal cannabis practitioners, like one of our helpful Polln doctors, for specialised advice on how to add medicinal cannabis to your medicine regimen. They can provide personalised advice for your specific condition in conjunction with other pain medications.
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• ‍Individualise Your Treatment: Everyone's response to medicinal cannabis and other medications is unique. Make sure you work with a healthcare provider who will take the time to create an individualised treatment plan that considers your medical history, condition, and specific medications.
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• ‍Regular Follow-ups: Schedule regular follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider to assess your progress and address any concerns or changes in your condition. Adjustments to medications or dosages may be necessary over time.
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• ‍Use Regulated, Reputable Products: By working with a qualified doctor to access medicinal cannabis treatments, you can rest assured the treatments prescribed to you have undergone rigorous testing for quality, purity, and consistency. More on the differences between legal and illegal cannabis in Australia here. 

Honesty and open communication with healthcare providers are vital for a safe and effective pain management plan. Always follow medical advice, report any changes in your condition, and prioritise your well-being throughout your treatment journey.

The Wrap Up 

Chronic pain is a complex condition that affects many people. Managing it can be challenging due to balancing multiple medications, understanding your body’s unique responses, and weighing potential risks. Medicinal cannabis, with its interactions with the body's endocannabinoid system, has shown promise as an alternative therapy for chronic pain. However, its interactions with other medications require careful consideration. Make sure you work closely with experienced healthcare providers who understand the complexities of medicinal cannabis to personalise your pain management plan. Remember: if in doubt, talk it out. Ensuring open communication with your doctor before combining medications can help ensure you receive safe and effective treatment.

Getting the right amount of sleep is crucial for good health and wellbeing, with poor quality sleep being associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, mental health conditions, obesity, and death¹.

Despite this, over half of Australians report experiencing sleep difficulties²– including having trouble falling asleep and staying asleep as well as waking up too early and not being able to get back to sleep – three or more times a week. And nearly half of all Australian adults report regularly experiencing at least 2 sleep-related problems¹. 

These sleep problems can include:

• Short sleep: getting less sleep than recommended for your age group;
• Long sleep: sleeping longer than recommended for your age group;
• Poor sleep quality, which includes taking too long to fall asleep, waking frequently or for long periods, and poor sleep efficiency;
• Doctor-diagnosed sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, or obstructive sleep apnoea

It’s no wonder, then, that patients in Australia are seeking therapeutic and other solutions for their sleep difficulties.

Medicinal cannabis is just one of a number of treatments that are prescribed to treat the symptoms of other sleep disorders like insomnia, restless leg syndrome and more. Let's explore the current research behind medicinal cannabis and sleep

How does medicinal cannabis affect sleep?

Cannabis has been used in numerous cultures for its potential healing properties throughout human history, with the first documented case of its use dating back to 2800 BC³.

Since then, therapeutic indications of cannabis have been mentioned in the texts of the Indian Hindus, Assyrians, Greeks and Romans. All of which report cannabis to relieve pain and treat a vast array of different health problems: including arthritis, depression, amenorrhea, inflammation, lack of appetite, asthma and insomnia.

Today, medicinal cannabis is prescribed to treat a range of chronic health conditions in Australia, the most common being mental health, chronic pain, and sleep conditions⁴. Some of the sleep conditions medicinal cannabis has been prescribed to treat include:

• Insomnia
• Circadian rhythm disorder
• Sleep movement disorder
• Parasomnia
• Sleep breathing disorder

Medicinal cannabis may also be prescribed to treat sleep issues caused by other chronic conditions, such as chronic pain, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, multiple sclerosis and more. For example, studies have found that medicinal cannabis may have a positive effect on maintaining sleep throughout the night in some chronic pain patients⁵.

Of the more than 100 phytocannabinoids naturally found within cannabis, THC is most commonly used and prescribed for its ability to induce sleep. This is because THC works directly with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for regulating numerous bodily functions, including sleep. THC binds directly with the CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, which can yield an effect on sleep, relaxation, and more⁶. 

Cannabinol, or CBN, is a less well-known cannabinoid which appears to have powerful sedative effects⁷, which may be enhanced when it’s combined with THC. A number of cannabis terpenes – including caryophyllene, myrcene, linalool, pinene and terpinolene – are also known to have sedating and stress-relieving effects which aid sleep.

The right combination of cannabinoids, terpenes and other cannabis compounds in a strain or type of medicinal cannabis treatment can have a synergistically powerful effect on sleep and other symptoms. This is known as the entourage effect.

In a 2022 study of patients taking medicinal cannabis to improve sleep quality in Canada, it was found that 39% of patients were able to reduce or completely discontinue a prescription medication indicated for sleep, while 71% reported a subjective improvement in their sleep or related condition⁶. 

Does medicinal cannabis affect REM sleep? 

When it comes to getting a good night’s sleep, the amount of hours you are getting makes up only one part of the equation.

Over the course of the night, your entire sleep is made up of several rounds of what is known as the sleep cycle, which has four stages⁸. On a typical night, a person goes through four to six sleep cycles, which last for approximately 90 minutes each. 

The four sleep stages in a sleep cycle include:

Stage 1 (N1)

When you first fall asleep and the body has not fully relaxed. Your body and brain activities start to slow with periods of brief movements. Stage 1 sleep normally lasts just one to seven minutes.

Stage 2 (N2)

When your body enters a more relaxed state, characterised by a drop in temperature, relaxed muscles, slowed breathing and slowed heart rate. Stage 2 sleep can last for 10 to 25 minutes during the first sleep cycle, and each N2 stage can become longer during the night. 

Stage 3 (N3, slow-wave, delta or deep sleep)

When your heart rate, breathing rate and body relaxes even further, and your brain produces delta waves. Stage 3 sleep is critical for bodily recovery and growth, as well as immunity and other key bodily functions. You spend the most time in deep sleep during the first half of the night.

Stage 4 (REM sleep)

When your brain activity picks up, nearing levels seen when you are awake. At the same time, your body experiences a temporary paralysis of the muscles, with two exceptions: the eyes and the muscles that control breathing. Even though the eyes are closed, they can be seen moving quickly.

It is believed to be essential to cognitive functions like memory, and it is during this stage that we experience vivid dreams. In total, REM stages make up around 25% of sleep in adults. According to Dr. Melissa Catanzarite (MBBS) ‘REM also preserves memories, which is why a reduction in REM sleep for an extended period of time is associated with early onset cognitive decline, dementia and more. Good sleep now is an investment into the future you.’

Studies have shown that at lower doses, THC can reduce sleep onset latency and contribute to greater ease of falling asleep, increased deep or slow-wave sleep and increased total sleep time. At higher doses, THC-predominant cannabis may cause a reduction in total rapid eye movement sleep and REM density.

The extent to which cannabis affects REM sleep therefore depends on the dose and frequency of cannabis consumption, as well as the amount of THC being consumed. 

In one 2008 study, cannabis strains with higher levels of THC were found to suppress the amount of REM sleep participants were getting⁹. Because it is vital for healthy cognitive and immune functioning, it’s important to consider this effect before taking any cannabinoid treatments for sleep, particularly those high in THC.

A reduction in REM sleep may be beneficial in the short term for patients who would benefit from more time spent in the deep, restorative sleep stage, or for patients who experience PTSD-induced nightmares. More research is needed to understand how cannabis affects sleep cycles over time.

Medicinal cannabis and sleep disorders: 

Sleep disorders are among the three most common types of conditions⁴ medicinal cannabis is prescribed to treat in Australia, alongside chronic pain and mental health conditions. Here are some of the conditions medicinal cannabis may be effective at treating:

Medicinal cannabis and insomnia

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterised by an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. Insomnia is by far the most common sleep disorder that medicinal cannabis is prescribed to treat in Australia⁴. 

Medicinal cannabis has been found to be well tolerated and to improve insomnia symptoms and sleep quality in individuals with chronic insomnia symptoms⁹. Medical cannabis treatments for insomnia may also assist patients in discontinuing prescription medications indicated for sleep⁶. This may appeal to patients experiencing strong or unwanted side effects – such as dizziness, prolonged drowsiness, headaches and more – from their conventional prescription sleeping pills. 

Medicinal cannabis and restless leg syndrome

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a chronic disorder characterised by an urge to move the legs. This urge is often accompanied by pain or other uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations. RLS may occur or worsen during rest, particularly at night, and temporarily improves with activity. RLS is considered both a sleep disorder and a movement disorder, because the symptoms are triggered by resting and attempting to sleep.

Because RLS is caused by an excessive release of dopamine, medicinal cannabis may be an effective treatment thanks to its capacity to reduce dopamine synthesis in the body, helping to restore the activity in the basal ganglia to normal levels. The basal ganglia is a part of the brain that uses dopamine to help control muscle activity and movement.

While further medical research and clinical trials are needed, there have been promising patient reports of ‘remarkable and total remission of RLS symptoms' following medical cannabis treatment¹⁰.

Medicinal cannabis and narcolepsy 

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles. A person with narcolepsy experiences overwhelming daytime drowsiness and, in severe cases, falls asleep involuntarily several times every day.

While there are no clinical studies of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of narcolepsy and related conditions like idiopathic hypersomnia, studies in animals¹¹ suggest they may offer a potential treatment option.

Excessive drowsiness has been shown to be reduced following CBD administration in rats with narcoleptic symptoms, while REM sleep has been shown to be reduced following THC use. This effect is similar to the effect of sodium oxybate, an effective treatment for type 1 narcolepsy. It’s possible then that the combined REM-suppressing effect of THC and the wake-promoting effect of CBD could be harnessed to treat patients with narcolepsy, but more research is needed in this area.

While medicinal cannabis that has been prescribed by a qualified health professional is known to be generally well tolerated at recommended dosages, medical cannabis does not work for everyone and can cause unwanted side effects in some patients. Always follow your doctor’s guidance when using cannabis to treat the symptoms of a sleep disorder or any other condition.

What type of medicinal cannabis is prescribed to treat sleep disorders?

Medicinal cannabis is a highly personalised treatment. What works best for you may differ from what works for another patient, even if you share the same condition. When deciding on an appropriate medicinal cannabis treatment to prescribe for sleep disturbances, like insomnia, your doctor will consider:

• Your condition and symptoms
• Individual factors, like your driving status and medical history
• Available cannabis formats 
• Appropriate dosages
• Cannabinoid content and ratios
• Terpene content
• + more

One 2015 study of cannabis for pain relief and sleep found that cannabis strains with equal ratios of THC to CBD had the most positive effect on sleep¹². This is partly because CBD may be able to mitigate some of the negative effects associated with higher THC formulations, such as anxiety. Medicinal cannabis treatments with sleep-inducing terpenes, such as linalool, myrcene, and caryophyllene, may also be prescribed to promote good sleep hygiene and assist with difficulty sleeping.

The type of medical cannabis prescribed and the method required to take it will depend on your individual needs as a patient. If you have trouble falling asleep, a fast-acting method – such as inhalation – may be beneficial.

If you have trouble staying asleep, a longer-lasting medicinal cannabis treatment, such as an oil, wafer or tincture, may work best for you. For some patients, a combination of both may work best.

Which medical cannabis strain is best for inducing sleep? 

Although indica-dominant strains have historically been associated with relaxing, sedating effects, today’s research suggests that the cannabinoid ratio (i.e. the ratio of THC to CBD) and terpene content has a greater influence on its effects on the user or patient. That’s why it’s always best to explore medical cannabis treatments with an experienced cannabis clinician who can prescribe treatments based on your individual needs.

Learn more about cannabis strains and their relevance today here.

Potential risks and side effects of using medicinal cannabis as a sleeping aid 

Like any medication, medical cannabis can come with its own risks and side effects which will vary depending on the type and amount of treatment, and individual factors like tolerance, endocannabinoid system function and sensitivity. 

Some of the potential risks and side effects associated with using medical cannabis as a sleep aid include:

• High doses of THC may impact the sleep cycle by suppressing REM sleep
• High doses of THC or consuming too late in the night can also lead to feeling groggy or tired the next day
• While THC has the potential to reduce anxiety symptoms, THC may also cause or increase anxiety when taken at too high a dose in some patients

When it comes to starting any medical cannabis treatment, finding the right dosing and titration is key to maximising therapeutic benefit without unwanted side effects.

To mitigate the potential risk and side effects of medicinal cannabis treatments for sleep, it’s important to consult with an experienced cannabis clinician who can help you find a treatment plan that works for you.

How to access medicinal cannabis in Australia

To access medicinal cannabis in Australia, you need to speak with a qualified doctor who understands the intricacies of medical cannabis treatments. According to the TGA, to be eligible for medicinal cannabis treatments, you must have:

1.  A chronic medical condition (that means a condition that has lasted 3 months
2. Tried to treat this chronic condition with conventional treatments that have either failed to relieve your symptoms or have caused unwanted side effects. 

When it comes to sleep disorders, conventional treatments may include any combination of pharmacological, lifestyle, herbal or other treatments that are commonly used to treat sleep issues. So, if you have had chronic sleep issues for 3 months or more and you are not satisfied with your current or past treatments, you may be eligible for medicinal cannabis access.

Specialised medicinal cannabis clinics like Polln can pair you with an expert Cannabis Clinician to review your condition and health goals to see if medicinal cannabis is right for you. 

Learn more about medicinal cannabis access in Australia.

From the Doctor: Dr Melissa Catanzarite, MBBS

Sleep is the single most significant component of our self care. Sleep is the real miracle drug; it promotes healing, emotional stability and even weight loss. Without sleep we struggle to have meaningful interactions with those we love, our creativity is dampened or ceases altogether and we are at more risk for significant health disorders.

Bedtime is the most crucial part of your day and needs to be managed as such. This includes creating a regular bedtime routine that incorporates no screen time for a minimum of one hour prior to bed, going to bed and waking at the same time every day and ensuring there are no distractions while you sleep.

A person can take all of the medications, supplements and yoga classes in the world and their health will not improve until they prioritise sleep.

When starting a new medication, such as medicinal cannabis, it's natural to be curious about its potential effects. Even with plant medicines, it’s important to learn about the safety aspects of your treatment plan, including your new medicine’s addictive potential.

Read on to understand cannabis addiction (historically known as 'weed addiction' or 'marijuana addiction', learn more about the importance of language here), how cannabis addiction happens, and how to safely introduce or maintain medicinal cannabis into your treatment regime.

Is Medicinal Cannabis Addictive?

While most patients won’t become addicted to cannabis, cannabis can be addictive, even when it is prescribed for a medical reason. The likelihood of an addiction occurring or the extent of an addiction, depends on many factors, including genetic predisposition, cannabis potency, and individual susceptibility.

Research suggests that around 9% of cannabis users may develop an addiction¹. So, even if you’re taking medicinal cannabis, there is still the potential for addiction. However, when taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, patients can better understand their predisposition for addiction and take steps to avoid it. 

Addiction is a complex condition that involves a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences². Cannabis addiction can be mild or severe, with varying effects on a person’s psychological and physical wellbeing. If you think you might be struggling with cannabis addiction, or are starting to notice unhealthy changes in your cannabis use, start an honest conversation with your doctor about how to manage it.

Can You Become Addicted to Cannabis?

While cannabis addiction is not likely, it is possible, even with medicinal cannabis treatments. Cannabis can become addictive because its active compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), activates the brain’s reward system releasing dopamine³.

When you take cannabis regularly, your brain may reinforce and strengthen the connection between the rewarding stimulus (cannabis) and the positive feelings experienced, leading the brain's reward system to become dysregulated.

In these cases, the over-activation of the reward system can cause changes where the brain needs more THC to achieve the same pleasure response. This phenomenon, known as increased tolerance, can contribute to addictive patterns as people may continue to take more THC to chase the same sensation of pleasure.

Once addicted, people may develop signs of cannabis addiction⁴, including cravings, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and difficulty managing the amount of frequency of their cannabis use.

Physical Dependence 

Physical dependence occurs when your body adapts to a medication or substance and experiences withdrawal symptoms when you stop or reduce the amount you take.

Not everyone who takes medicinal cannabis will become physically dependent, however, it can sometimes occur with regular or prolonged use, especially at higher doses⁵. Like addiction, many factors may lead to physical dependence including your unique metabolism and physiology.

When external cannabinoids, like medical cannabis, interact with the body’s cannabinoid receptors, they affect the body’s physiological functions. With extensive or extended use, cannabis can affect various neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain which can affect our mood, appetite, and sleep patterns. Learn more about cannabinoids here.

Because the body can adapt to high levels of external cannabinoids in the body, a withdrawal or sudden reduction in cannabis use can lead to a range of physical symptoms⁶ including:

• Abdominal pain.
• Shakiness/tremors.
• Sweating.
• Fever.
• Chills.
• Headache.

If you stop taking medical cannabis suddenly, you may notice physical symptoms after a few days which may last for several weeks. It’s important to remember that not everyone will experience the same symptoms with the same severity. 

In general, cannabis does not typically produce strong physical dependence⁷, unlike some other common medicines, including antidepressants, Corticosteroids, or opioids. If you are worried about developing a physical dependence, we recommend working closely with healthcare professionals, like our Polln specialists, for guidance around your cannabis use.

Psychological Dependence 

As the mind adapts to the presence of cannabinoids, suddenly stopping or reducing your cannabis intake may result in psychological symptoms⁸. These symptoms can include:

• Disturbed sleep patterns.
• Irritability.
• Anxiety.
• Restlessness.
• Poor cognitive function.

Not everyone who uses medicinal cannabis will experience these psychological symptoms while reducing or stopping their cannabis use. For those that do experience psychological symptoms, they typically begin a few days after decreasing or stopping cannabis and last several weeks.

Some people may develop a psychological dependence on medical cannabis to feel pleasure or alleviate psychological distress and discomfort. If you experience difficulty controlling or stopping your medicinal cannabis use, then your psychological dependence on cannabis may turn into an addiction.

Our Polln doctors can help patients navigate their concerns around psychological dependence and put preventive measures in place to help patients protect their mental wellbeing. 

What is Cannabis Use Disorder?

Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is a diagnosable mental health condition recognised by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)⁹ due to its potential to cause significant impairment or distress.

The DSM-5 defines CUD as a pattern of cannabis use that leads to clinically significant problems. To be diagnosed as having a CUD, your doctor or mental health specialist will evaluate your symptoms against CUD-specific criteria. 

How Common is Cannabis Use Disorder?

Cannabis use disorder is relatively common, particularly among people who use large amounts of cannabis regularly.

Around 9% of people who use cannabis may develop a cannabis use disorder. However, the percentage of people who develop CUD varies depending on various factors such as frequency and intensity of cannabis use, individual susceptibility, and other environmental and genetic factors.

A 2022 study published in the Drug Alcohol Review of Australians showed that CUD in medical cannabis users was comparable to recreational users¹⁰.

Taking a break from medicinal cannabis can potentially reduce the risk of developing cannabis use disorder, particularly if the break helps you maintain control over your cannabis use. By discontinuing or reducing cannabis use, you may also avoid potential negative effects associated with regular and heavy consumption.

Helping Prevent Cannabis Use Disorder

While it’s difficult to completely avoid cannabis use disorder, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and promote a healthy relationship with medicinal cannabis.

Consulting with a knowledgeable doctor about medicinal cannabis use can be highly beneficial in reducing the risk of developing a cannabis use problem.

When starting a course of medicinal cannabis, your doctor should provide you with:

• A comprehensive assessment: Your doctor should conduct a thorough medical assessment to evaluate your specific medical condition, symptoms, and overall health. This assessment will help determine if medicinal cannabis is a suitable treatment option for you, taking into account factors such as the severity of your symptoms, potential benefits, and any existing medical conditions or medications that may interact with medical cannabis treatments.
• A personalised treatment plan: Based on the assessment, a doctor can create a personalised treatment plan tailored to your specific needs. This includes determining the appropriate dosage and frequency of use.
• Ongoing support: Regular follow-up appointments with your doctor allow for the monitoring of your progress and adjustment of the treatment plan as needed. They can assess any potential side effects and make necessary modifications to ensure your well-being.
• Education and guidance: Doctors can explain the potential risks associated with cannabis use, discuss potential interactions with other medications or substances, and advise on strategies to reduce the risk of cannabis addiction.

If you’re looking to get started with medicinal cannabis, or want to help a loved one explore medicinal cannabis options, Polln has a team of expert specialists available to discuss your treatment needs and ways to safely start a program of plant-based treatment. 

By involving a doctor in your medicinal cannabis journey, you can benefit from their expertise, personalised care, and ongoing support, all of which can reduce the risk of developing a CUD.

Signs of Cannabis Use Disorder

To meet the diagnostic criteria for CUD, a person must show a problematic pattern of cannabis use that leads to significant impairment or distress, with at least two of the following symptoms within a 12-month period¹¹:

• Taking more cannabis or using it for longer than intended.
• Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use.
• Spending significant time obtaining, using, or recovering from cannabis.
• Strong craving or desire to use cannabis.
• Cannabis use leading to failures in work, school, or home obligations.
• Continued cannabis use despite social or interpersonal problems caused by it.
• Giving up or reducing important activities due to cannabis use.
• Using cannabis in physically hazardous situations.
• Continuing cannabis use despite knowing it causes physical or psychological problems.
• Developing tolerance (needing more cannabis for desired effects) or experiencing diminished effects with the same amount of cannabis.
• Experiencing cannabis withdrawal symptoms or using it to relieve or avoid withdrawal.
  

The severity of CUD is determined by the number of symptoms present:

• Mild: 2-3 symptoms.
• Moderate: 4-5 symptoms.
• Severe: 6 or more symptoms.
  

If you think that you might have a cannabis addiction, reach out to a health professional for an official diagnosis and support. There are many helpful treatment options available, including counselling and behavioural therapies.

Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms

Not everyone who uses cannabis will experience withdrawal symptoms. As with physical and psychological dependence, the risk of developing withdrawal symptoms after taking medicinal cannabis depends on the dosage, frequency, and length of time taking this medication.

While withdrawal symptoms for cannabis are typically mild for most people, a recent study into cannabis withdrawal showed that the most frequently reported symptoms include irritability, anxiety, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping.

Overall, people reported a range of symptoms during cannabis withdrawal including:

• Irritability.
• Anxiety.
• Restlessness.
• Difficulty sleeping.
• Decreased appetite.
• Mood swings.
• Fatigue.
• Headaches.
• Muscle aches.
• Sweating.
• Dizziness.
• Nausea and/or vomiting.

It is important to remember that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is not the same for everyone. Some people may experience very mild withdrawal symptoms (like you might experience when quitting caffeine) while others may experience more severe symptoms.

Factors that Influence Likelihood of CUD

It's important to understand that addiction is not solely determined by the substance itself. Factors such as your environmental surroundings, genetic predisposition, individual susceptibility, psychological background, and social influences can also significantly contribute to the risk of addiction.

Some factors that influence the likelihood of developing cannabis use disorder include:

Cannabis Use Disorder and Age

CUD is more common in people who start using cannabis at a young age. A study published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence found that the risk of developing CUD was 4-7 times higher in people who started using cannabis before the age of 18 than in people who started using cannabis after the age of 25¹².

Cannabis Use Disorder and Genetics

Genetics can play a role in the development of cannabis use disorder. Research suggests that some people may be more genetically predisposed to developing problematic cannabis use compared to others¹³.

These genetic factors can influence how people respond to the effects of cannabis, regulate their brain's reward system, and process substances. For example, variations in genes involved in the endocannabinoid system, such as the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) gene, have been associated with an increased risk of cannabis dependence.

Cannabis Use Disorder and Mental Health 

Cannabis Use Disorder can be associated with mental health conditions, suggesting a complex relationship between cannabis use and mental wellbeing. While a direct link is difficult to prove, research shows that people with pre-existing mental health disorders may be more susceptible to developing problematic cannabis use.

People with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia may have a heightened vulnerability to CUD¹⁴. This two-way relationship suggests that cannabis use can worsen the symptoms of mental health disorders, while people with these disorders may self-medicate with cannabis to lessen their symptoms.

Cannabis Use Disorder and Substance Abuse

Having an addiction to another substance can significantly increase the chance of developing cannabis use disorder¹⁵. The co-occurrence of substance addiction and CUD can lead to more severe and persistent cannabis use problems, worsening physical and mental health problems, and impaired cognitive function.

Cannabis Use Disorder and Cannabis Potency 

High-potency cannabis, with elevated levels of THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), has been linked to an increased likelihood of developing CUD¹⁶. Stronger psychoactive effects of potent cannabis may contribute to higher tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and addiction.

The intensity of psychoactive effects can be influenced by cannabis potency. Higher potency cannabis can lead to increased intoxication, cognitive impairment, and increased risk-taking behaviour, which can all contribute to problematic cannabis use.

Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment

There are a number of treatment options available for CUD. The most effective treatment approach is typically a combination of medication and therapy. A common therapy for CUD, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), has been known to help people identify and change their thoughts and behaviours that contribute to their cannabis use.

In addition to medication and therapy, it’s important to talk to your prescribing doctor. If you’re taking more than prescribed or find that you’re struggling with physical or psychological dependence, then they can help you manage your cannabis use and adjust your treatment plan.

The Bottom Line

Like any new medication, it’s important to understand its addictive potential before starting a course of treatment. While most patients will not become addicted to medicinal cannabis, it’s important to take the time to understand your personal risks for addiction, including your mental health and genetic factors, to make an informed decision. By starting your medicinal cannabis journey with the support of a specialised healthcare team, like our Polln doctors, you can lessen your cannabis addiction risk while improving your overall wellbeing.

FAQs

‍Is CBD addictive?‍

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are two of the most common cannabinoids found in cannabis. THC is psychoactive and produces the "high" associated with cannabis use, while CBD is non-psychoactive and does not cause intoxication. THC has pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and appetite-stimulating effects. CBD has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and neuroprotective properties.

CBD (cannabidiol) is not considered addictive. CBD does not produce the psychoactive effects typically associated with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. It interacts with different receptors in the body and does not have the same potential for abuse or dependence as THC.

What is considered heavy cannabis use?

The specific threshold for heavy use may depend on factors such as individual tolerance, frequency of use, duration of use, and the potency of the products being used. That being said, the definition of heavy cannabis use generally refers to the frequent and substantial use of cannabis, enough that a person would feel intoxicated daily.

‍How long does it take to become dependent on cannabis?

Some people may develop dependence relatively quickly, even with medicinal cannabis, while others may not become dependent on cannabis after extended use. The time it takes to develop dependence, or whether you develop cannabis dependence, is dependent on many factors, including frequency of use, quantity consumed, the potency of the cannabis, individual physiology, and genetic factors.

From the Doctor: Dr Matt Carson, MBBS, FRACGP

If you think you are experiencing any signs of cannabis addiction or dependence, or if cannabis is having a negative impact on your life in any way, please consider reaching out to your prescribing doctor to discuss strategies to move forward. These strategies may include:

• Making an appropriate treatment plan.
• Taking regular tolerance breaks from cannabis.
• Gradual reduction of dose to a lower, more beneficial level, or with the goal of cessation (if appropriate).
• Changing the administration method (for example, from inhaled to more long-acting oral options).
• Consider other therapy options such as CBT.
• Identifying triggers for excessive cannabis use and strategise how to deal with them.
• Building a strong support network.
• Developing a healthy lifestyle.
• Looking at life from a holistic point of view and improving your diet and exercise habits can have enormous benefits for health and wellbeing.

Talking to your doctor about medical cannabis can be intimidating. Whether you want to find out if cannabis can be used alongside other medications or if you want to manage a new condition, it can be hard to know how and when to bring up the topic of plant medicine with your GP — especially in Australia where medicinal cannabis isn’t widely accepted in conventional medicine. 

Despite many studies showing the benefits of cannabis for a range of health conditions, some GPs aren’t comfortable discussing medicinal cannabis with patients. Even if your GP supports natural therapies, they might not have enough experience with medicinal cannabis to provide advice or refer you to a medical cannabis clinic like Polln.

Fortunately, a little bit of conversation preparation can help a lot. By speaking to your doctor about medicinal cannabis, you can arm yourself with the information you need to understand all options for your condition management. Today, we will explore the current state of medical cannabis in Australia and discuss the importance of open communication with doctors when it comes to starting a course of medical cannabis.

Prescribing Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Despite the growing acceptance of medical cannabis worldwide, some Australian patients face challenges in accessing the treatments they need through traditional healthcare channels. This can stem from a general lack of awareness and understanding of cannabis or prejudices about cannabis treatments. Learn more about who can prescribe medicinal cannabis in Australia here.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia's regulatory body for medicines, has established a framework that governs the prescribing and use of medicinal cannabis in Australia. Currently, the TGA has approved the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of over 130 conditions. The most common of which include:

• Chronic pain
• Epilepsy
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Cancer
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Sleep disorders
• Nausea and vomiting

There are many conditions approved for medical cannabis treatment, however, doctors can only suggest medicinal cannabis as a primary or adjunct treatment for a condition so long as the patient meets other eligibility requirements and can provide evidence. 

According to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), medical cannabis can only be prescribed if you have a chronic medical condition that has lasted for 3+ months and have tried other treatments without success. Learn more about accessing medicinal cannabis treatments in Australia here.

In rare cases, doctors might actively avoid discussing, prescribing, or referring patients to medical cannabis clinics, even when medical cannabis could be an acceptable treatment option.

Even if you’re unsure about how your GP thinks about medicinal cannabis, it’s important to speak up about your treatment choices. By starting more conversations with our doctors about our healthcare choices, we can advocate for ourselves and promote a patient-centred approach to medicine.

The Current State of Medicinal Cannabis Attitudes in Australia

Since it became legal for any medical practitioner to prescribe medicinal cannabis in Australia in 2016, the attitudes toward medical cannabis have been slowly changing. Despite an increase in positive sentiments around medicinal cannabis since 2017, there is still a way to go before widespread acceptance and understanding of cannabis in the medical community. 

A survey of over 500 Australian GPs between November 2021 and February 2022 found that while many patients are interested in learning more about medicinal cannabis, GPs need more support:

• Many GPs (66%) felt they had inadequate knowledge of medical cannabis 
• Most GPs (85%) had received patient inquiries about medical cannabis in the last three months, but only half (52%) felt comfortable discussing it with patients.
• Less than one in five GPs (21%) had prescribed a medical cannabis product.
• GPs strongly supported medicinal cannabis prescribing for palliative care, cancer pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and epilepsy.
• GPs were less supportive of prescribing MC for mental health conditions (e.g., depression, anxiety) and insomnia.
• GPs rated opioids, benzodiazepines, and chemotherapy drugs as more hazardous than medicinal cannabis.
• GPs acknowledged concerns about THC-driving impairment and drug-seeking behaviour — however, concerns about CBD causing addiction and driving impairment did not agree with current evidence.

The Importance of Open Communication with Doctors

GPs play a crucial role in every healthcare team, particularly if they are familiar faces or trusted individuals responsible for our healthcare decisions. Yet, it's common for patients to unintentionally assume a passive role in healthcare communications, neglecting the fact that appointments should be meaningful conversations where we actively advocate for our interests and seek necessary input.

By openly discussing medical cannabis you can educate your doctors about your conditions, symptoms, and the potential benefits you have researched or heard about from other patients. 

It’s important to enter into these conversations respectfully, recognising that your doctors may have concerns about prescribing medical cannabis due to its historical stigma and limited research in certain areas.

Open communication allows you to advocate for yourself, ensuring that your voice is heard and your treatment preferences are considered. By sharing your personal experiences, relevant research, and information about successful medical cannabis treatments in similar cases, you can challenge any prejudices or misconceptions held by your doctors.

Preparing for Your Doctor's Appointment

Before discussing medical cannabis with your doctor, it is helpful to prepare for the appointment. By gathering relevant information, being well-informed about medical cannabis, and compiling supporting evidence, you can ensure a productive and informed discussion with your healthcare provider.

• Gather relevant information and medical history
  If you’re starting with a new doctor, it’s helpful to start by gathering your medical records and any relevant documentation that supports your condition or symptoms. This may include, previous diagnoses, test results, and treatment history

Additionally, if you’re looking for help with undiagnosed symptoms, it can be useful to keep a journal to record your symptoms, their severity, and the impact they have on your daily life. This will provide your doctor with valuable insights into your condition and the kinds of treatments that might help.

• Be well-informed about medical cannabis
  Educating yourself about medical cannabis is an important first step to discussing potential medical cannabis treatment with your doctor. By familiarising yourself with the basics of medical cannabis, including its potential benefits and risks, you’ll be in a good position to talk to a healthcare professional about cannabis treatments. 

Start by taking the time to understand different components of cannabis, including:

• What are Cannabinoids
• How Medical Cannabis is Consumed
• The Difference Between Legal and Illegal Cannabis in Australia
• Who can Prescribe Medical Cannabis in Australia
  
  

You should also take some time to understand the difference between THC and CBD, and their effects on the body, research the available forms of medical cannabis, such as oils, capsules, or inhalation methods, to have a better understanding of what might work best for you and your condition.

Before making your appointment, you can also stay informed about the legal and regulatory framework surrounding medical cannabis in your region to demonstrate that you are taking a responsible approach to exploring medical cannabis as a treatment option.

• Look into the evidence research supporting medicinal cannabis
  To strengthen your discussion around medical cannabis, it can be helpful to do some of your research too. Look up some studies that support the efficacy of medicinal cannabis for your specific condition as well as the potential risks. Research can ensure that a discussion around medicinal cannabis is right for you in the first place too. For example, people with a history of psychosis and bipolar disorder should typically avoid medical cannabis treatments. Explore some the research around medicinal cannabis here.

When looking for research, make sure you’re reading accurate sources, such as peer-reviewed studies, and clinical trials that support the use of medical cannabis in treating symptoms similar to yours. Presenting this evidence to your doctor can help them make a more informed assessment of its potential benefits and weigh the risks against the benefits.

Be prepared to discuss both the positive and potential limitations of medical cannabis based on the available research. After all, not every medication is right for everybody — even with natural treatments. By approaching your discussion openly you can demonstrate your commitment to understanding all aspects of the treatment and facilitate a better-informed conversation with your doctor.

Initiating the Conversation about Medicinal Cannabis

When it comes to bringing up medicinal cannabis with your doctor, initiating the conversation can feel daunting. However, with the right strategies and communication approaches, you can navigate this discussion effectively. Here are some tips to help you raise the topic with your doctor:

• Choose the right moment: Find a suitable time during your appointment to bring up the subject of medicinal cannabis. It could be at the beginning when discussing treatment options or after addressing your current treatment's effectiveness

• Be respectful and open: Approach the conversation with respect and open-mindedness. Remember that your doctor may have limited knowledge or biases regarding medicinal cannabis, so maintaining a non-confrontational tone can help create a productive dialogue.
  

• Express your concerns: Communicate the challenges you face with your current treatment or the reasons why you believe medicinal cannabis may be beneficial for your condition. Highlight any side effects, lack of improvement, or the impact of your condition on your quality of life.
  

• Seek clarification: Ask your doctor for their professional opinion on medicinal cannabis. Inquire about their knowledge and experience with prescribing it, as well as their stance on its potential benefits and risks. This will help you gauge their openness to the topic and guide the conversation further.
  

• Share your research: Present the evidence and research you have gathered regarding medicinal cannabis and its effectiveness for your specific condition. Share any success stories or case studies that demonstrate positive outcomes for patients in similar situations. This can help provide a foundation for your discussion.
  

• Ask for their input: Request your doctor's professional advice on whether medicinal cannabis could be a viable treatment option for you. Their expertise and guidance are valuable in determining the appropriateness and feasibility of incorporating medicinal cannabis into your treatment plan.
  

Remember, the goal is to have an open and honest conversation with your doctor. By expressing your concerns, seeking clarification, and respectfully sharing your research, you can foster a collaborative relationship that focuses on your well-being.

Addressing Prejudices and Misconceptions

When discussing medicinal cannabis with your doctor, it's important to be prepared for potential prejudices and misconceptions they may have. Here are some strategies to help you address these issues respectfully and effectively:

• Stay calm: You have the right to talk to your doctor about different treatment options. While prejudices exist in the medical community, you shouldn’t take any push-back personally. Some practitioners just have a preference for traditional medicines.
  

• Be respectful: It's important to approach healthcare conversation with empathy and understanding, even if your doctor holds biases or misconceptions. Keep the dialogue respectful and avoid becoming confrontational or defensive. Remember, your goal is to educate and inform them about your choices, not to win an argument. Patience and persistence can go a long way in breaking down barriers.
  

• Find a specialised medicinal cannabis clinic and/or a second opinion: Seek a second opinion if needed: In some cases, despite your best efforts, you may encounter a doctor who remains resistant to considering medicinal cannabis. 

If you feel that your concerns are not being adequately addressed or your doctor is unwilling to explore this option, it may be beneficial to seek a second opinion from another healthcare professional who is more knowledgeable and open-minded about medicinal cannabis.

The best way to do this is to find a practitioner who understands the intricacies of medical cannabis treatments. Specialised medicinal cannabis clinics like Polln can pair you with a specialised plant medicine doctor to review your condition and health goals to see if medicinal cannabis is right for you.

By approaching prejudices and misconceptions with respect, facts, and personal stories, you can help challenge any negative biases and foster a more informed and productive conversation. In the next section, we will discuss ways to advocate for yourself and ensure your voice is heard throughout the process.

The Bottom Line

Breaking the medical cannabis stigma and talking to your doctor about it is an important step towards exploring alternative treatment options for your health. Despite some doctors in Australia being unwilling to discuss medicinal cannabis treatments, open and honest communication with your doctor is important to broaden the acceptance of plant medicines in Australia.

Through open communication, patience, and advocacy for yourself, you can navigate the complexities of accessing medical cannabis and ensure that your voice is heard in the healthcare system. 

Since cannabis was legalised for medicinal purposes in Australia in 2016, the number of patients being prescribed medicinal cannabis treatments has increased significantly with each year. As of May 2022, more than 248,000 medical cannabis prescriptions had been approved over the five years prior – 85% of which were given out since January 2020.

Despite its rise in popularity and a slow downward trend in pricing, medicinal cannabis treatments and services still remain inaccessible to many who cannot afford the costs that come with them. On top of the costs of the medicinal cannabis itself, many patients face additional consultation, application, prescription and dispensing fees that place product cost of these treatments even further out of reach. 

In an Australian Cannabis as Medicine Survey published in 2022, only 24% of prescribed cannabis patients agreed that the current model for accessing medicinal cannabis was easy or straightforward. A barrier identified by most respondents was the cost of accessing medicinal cannabis, with an average monthly cost of $278. This number is down 24.86% from $370 in 2018. This is despite a slight increase in patients’ average daily cannabinoid dose, suggesting that decreasing medication costs are driving this trend. Following the increase in the average daily cannabinoid doses, the vast majority of Australian patients are still taking lower-than-average cannabinoid doses. 

Given the seriousness of the symptoms and medical conditions that medicinal cannabis is prescribed to treat – from mental health, to chronic pain, cancer and non-cancer pain to epilepsy, chemotherapy symptoms and conditions requiring palliative care – it is imperative that the high costs of these treatments be addressed to ensure they are as accessible as possible for the patients who need them.

While there is still work to be done, the good news is that the monthly costs associated with being a medicinal cannabis patient are beginning to slowly trend downward. The rise in prescriptions, available treatments, medical cannabis manufacturers, medicines and clinics offering medicinal cannabis services are all contributing to a slow reduction in patient costs, while the listing of a medicinal cannabis treatment on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) to help treat a rare form of childhood epilepsy may set a precedent for other potentially life-changing treatments to follow suit.

Individual factors impacting the cost of medical cannabis treatment

The exact amount of money you are likely to spend on your medicinal cannabis treatments will vary from patient to patient, and will largely depend on a range of individual factors. Some of these include:

• Your condition and the reason for treatment. 
• The severity of your symptoms.
• The type and number of treatments required.
• Your required medication dose and how often you consume medicinal cannabis products.
• Your individual tolerance, metabolism, and endocannabinoid system function.
• Your goals for treatment.

All of these factors will influence the type, amount, dosage and, therefore the cost of the medicinal cannabis treatments prescribed to you. 

Other factors which may impact the cost of medical cannabis treatments can include:

• Which doctor or cannabis clinic you go to, and whether they charge additional medication dispensing fees, TGA application fees, or above RRP for medical cannabis products. 
• Whether you have private health insurance and whether your insurance provider covers medical cannabis treatments.
• Whether your (or your child’s) prescribed medication is listed on the PBS.

So far, just one medicinal cannabis treatment has been listed on the PBS to assist in the treatment of patients with Dravet syndrome, which is a rare form of childhood epilepsy. This listing provides price relief to just over 100 patients each year who would otherwise have paid more than $24,000 per year for the treatment. Under this scheme, patients can access the medication for just $41.30 per script, or $6.60 for concession card holders. The oral cannabidiol (CBD) oil treatment must be prescribed by a neurologist and as an adjunctive therapy (as a third-line treatment with at least two other antiepileptic medicines).

According to the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the listing of this medication on the PBS is thanks to the strength of the evidence supporting the use of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of certain types of epilepsies. As greater research and clinical trials emerge supporting the benefits of medical cannabis in treating a range of other chronic conditions, we may see more and more treatments being listed on the PBS. This would make medicinal cannabis treatments far more affordable and accessible to vulnerable patients all over Australia.

It’s a good idea to discuss treatment pricing during your consultation with your prescribing doctor. Your doctor may be able to take your budget and individual situation into account when selecting which medication/s to prescribe you.

Political and economic factors impacting cost of medical cannabis in Australia 

In Australia, medicinal cannabis treatments are classified as highly regulated, Schedule 8 medicines. This means there are strict legal requirements that medical cannabis manufacturers and distributors must follow – which can drive up the cost of these medications.

The price of medicinal cannabis in Australia tends to be driven up by:

• Overseas importing fees.
• Strict storage requirements for cannabis treatments.
• Testing requirements for treatment quality, safety, ingredients and efficacy.
• Distribution and shipping costs to pharmacies.
• Other regulatory requirements and supply chain costs.

Medicinal cannabis price changes over time

The price of medicinal cannabis in Australia has slowly been trending downwards since its legalisation in 2016. FreshLeaf’s most recent Australian Medicinal Cannabis Market Patient, Product and Pricing Analysis (2021) reported that retail pricing, wholesale pricing and patient average monthly spend have all been slowly decreasing as medicinal cannabis prescriptions rise. 

What are the costs involved in getting a medical cannabis prescription with Polln? 

At Polln, we believe in full transparency when it comes to our pricing. All of our consultations are designed to be as accessible as possible, with no hidden surprises or additional application or dispensing fees down the track.

Learn more about our Polln Price Guarantee here.

Consultation costs

Polln consultation fees vary depending on the type and length of your consultation. First-time Polln patients will pay $110 for an Initial Consultation, which includes 30 minutes of dedicated one-on-one time with one of our qualified doctors, all of whom have completed additional training in medicinal cannabis prescribing. This covers the cost of your consultation where your doctor will write you a prescription, if you are deemed eligible for cannabis treatments. 

Returning Polln patients will pay either $49 for a Short Follow Up Consultation (15 minutes) or $75 for a Long Follow Up Consultation (30 minutes), depending on how much time you need to spend with your practitioner. 

Learn more about our consultation types by visiting our Pricing page.

Unsure if Polln is right for you? We offer FREE discovery calls with our clinic nurse. Book now to have any questions answered before booking with a doctor. No commitments, just transparent advice from an experienced nurse.

Dispensing costs

We heard what medical cannabis patients in Australia had to say about having to pay additional dispensing fees and being charged inconsistently and above recommended retail pricing when trying to access their prescribed medications.

So, as part of our commitment to transparency and care at Polln, you’ll never pay dispensing fees or be charged above RRP for your treatments. Guaranteed.

Learn more about our Polln Price Guarantee by visiting our Pricing page.

Treatment costs 

The cost of any medications prescribed by our doctors will vary depending on your condition and what sort of treatments your doctor decides are best suited to you. 

Due to government regulations, we are unable to advertise any medications or their prices on our website. Any prescribed medications and their costs will be discussed with your doctor during your consultation. 

Depending on your individual needs and your treatment format, dosage requirements, and brand, you may pay anywhere from $150 to $3,650 per month for your medical cannabis treatments, with the latest research on average monthly spend for Australian medicinal cannabis patients currently sitting at $278⁴.

At Polln, we are committed to transparency – so you'll never pay dispensing fees or be charged above RRP for your treatments as part of our Polln Price Guarantee.

Following your consultation, you will be able to see your prescriptions in your patient dashboard. Our new online ordering portal makes it simpler for Polln patients to access their medication when they need it. The details, including cost, of each medication will be clearly stated under the ‘Prescriptions’ tab so that you can choose which medication you wish to order.

During your consultation, your Polln doctor will work with you to build a treatment plan that will work best for you and your condition, and, where possible, will always take your budget and personal circumstances into consideration before prescribing any treatments.

Free Medical Cannabis Eligibility Screening

A great way to find out if you might be eligible for medicinal cannabis access before committing to the costs of a consultation is to take our free eligibility quiz. 

Our eligibility quiz is designed to help you find out if you might qualify for a medical cannabis prescription while also helping you prepare for your first consultation with one of our Polln doctors.

Prefer to speak to someone on the phone? Have your questions answered and assess your eligibility for medicinal cannabis before speaking to a doctor with a FREE discovery call with our clinic nurse.

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Interested in speaking to a doctor about medicinal cannabis and discovering better health naturally? Sign up as a Polln patient and book your first consultation here.

What are cannabinoids? 

Cannabinoids are a diverse array of ‘cannabis-like’ molecules, including phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids can be found within our bodies, within plants (especially cannabis plants) and can be synthesised in laboratory settings. The main cannabinoids you’ll hear about are likely to be CBD and THC, which are phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. But, there is growing evidence to suggest that minor cannabinoids – alongside other cannabis compounds – may play an equally important part in the therapeutic benefits of your medicinal cannabis treatment.

There are 3 types of cannabinoids:

1. Phytocannabinoids – ‘Phyto’ meaning plant-derived, these are cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant (and many other plants).

2. Endocannabinoids – ‘Endo’ meaning internal, these are naturally occurring cannabinoids found in the human brain and bodily organs.

3. Synthetic cannabinoids – cannabinoids synthesised by chemists to mimic the actions of phytocannabinoids or to influence the body’s endocannabinoid levels.

Let’s first look at the main two types of cannabinoids you’ll encounter, endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids:

Endocannabinoids

Endocannabinoids (or endogenous cannabinoids) are naturally occurring cannabinoids found in the brain and body. They are lipid signalling molecules which exist to mediate our normal physiological functions. This means they bind to a protein target (in this case, a cannabinoid receptor) to create specific cellular responses in the body, such as stimulating appetite. Endocannabinoids may have evolved in the brain to maintain biological harmony while also playing a role in neuronal plasticity (how the brain adapts to change).¹

The two major endocannabinoids that have been discovered are:

• Anandamide (AEA) (ananda is the Sanskrit word for bliss)
• 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)

Both of these endocannabinoids help our internal functions run smoothly, and a healthy human body produces them as needed. When there is a deficiency or imbalance in our endocannabinoid production, then we may need to look at external ways to upregulate our endocannabinoid levels.

Endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (which both endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids interact with) and enzymes are the three components which make up the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is the molecular system located throughout our brains and bodies which helps regulate our immune responses, cell communication, sleep, pain, appetite, hormone levels, metabolism, memory, and more. 

Learn more about the ECS here.

Phytocannabinoids

Phytocannabinoids are cannabinoids derived from the cannabis plant which can also be found in other plants, including cloves, carrots and broccoli, in smaller quantities. Research has found that the cannabis plant produces between 80 and 100 cannabinoids and about 300 non-cannabinoid chemicals.² Like endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids also interact with our endocannabinoid system and cannabinoid receptors to produce certain effects within the brain and body.

The two most well-known cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Both CBD and THC as well as numerous other cannabinoids are used in medicinal cannabis for their therapeutic potential. We’ll explore some of these cannabinoids and their properties below.

What do cannabinoids do? 

Both endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS) to produce varying effects. Each of us – whether we consume cannabis or not – has an ECS which helps regulate and balance many processes in the body.

The endocannabinoid system is made up of:

1. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids)
2. Cannabinoid receptors
3. Enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids 

Unlike the nervous system or cardiovascular system, the endocannabinoid system is not an isolated structural system located in a specific region of the body. Instead, the ECS is a receptor system broadly distributed throughout the body which is acted upon by cannabinoids and enzymes. Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors can be found throughout the brain, organs, connective tissues, glands, and immune cells.
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Endocannabinoids and the ECS

A typical endocannabinoid system function works when the body’s naturally produced endocannabinoids (which are present in various organs and tissues) become active by binding with a cannabinoid receptor (also located all throughout the body) to regulate a bodily function, such as digestion or sleep. Essentially, when a system or function in the body is out of balance, receptors bind to cannabinoids to help correct the problem. Once the endocannabinoid system brings the body back into balance, enzymes will break down the cannabinoids to prevent overcorrecting the problem.
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Phytocannabinoids and the ECS

Much like endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids (which have a similar chemical structure to our endocannabinoids) also interact with our ECS and cannabinoid receptors to produce varying effects. When taken under the guidance of a prescribing doctor, phytocannabinoids like CBD, THC and more also have the potential to aid internal processes, mediate physiological functions and create balance within the body.
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Learn more about the endocannabinoid system and how cannabinoids like THC, CBD and CBN interact with it here.

‍‍‍‍‍Effects of phytocannabinoids 

Different phytocannabinoids (or combinations of cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds such as terpenes) create different effects in the mind and body, depending on how they’re used and who is using them. Some cannabinoids, like THC, are psychoactive, meaning they have an effect on the mind and can cause changes in mood, awareness, feelings, thoughts and behaviour. Psychoactive cannabinoids can be impairing for a period of time after use. Other cannabinoids, like CBD, do not produce psychoactive effects, meaning they are not likely to impact cognitive abilities like driving or memory recall.

Cannabinoids have a range of studied therapeutic benefits, from nausea and pain relief³ to anti-inflammatory⁴ and anxiolytic (anxiety relieving) capabilities⁵. In Australia, cannabinoid medicines have been prescribed to treat the symptoms of a range of chronic conditions, including anxiety, chronic pain and endometriosis. 

Continue reading to learn more about some of the main phytocannabinoids found in cannabis.

‍Types of cannabinoids in cannabis

The cannabis plant contains over 400 distinct compounds, between 80 and 100 of which are cannabinoids. Each cannabinoid has its own unique properties, many of which are still being uncovered by researchers. CBD and THC are the two major cannabinoids that you’ll probably hear about the most, but there is growing evidence to support the therapeutic effects of minor cannabinoids such as CBG and CBN. In fact, many of the proposed medical benefits originally thought to arise from CBD may actually be attributed to minor cannabinoids.⁶

Let’s look at four of the main cannabinoids you might find in cannabis and cannabinoid medicines:

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the main phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. THC is a psychoactive cannabinoid which gives the ‘high’ sensation commonly associated with cannabis use. THC works directly with the ECS by binding with CB1 receptors in the brain, and may help relieve symptoms of pain while reducing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, increasing appetite, improving sleep and more in some patients. 

Learn more about how THC interacts with the ECS here.

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is another of the most abundant in the long list of cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Unlike THC, CBD is non-impairing and won't bring on a feeling of being ‘high.’ This is because CBD does not bind with the CB1 receptor which creates the high sensation. Instead, CBD  works indirectly with the endocannabinoid system to interact with our opioid, dopamine, and serotonin receptors, giving it the potential to provide pain relief, depression and anxiety while boosting the immune system and helping with addiction. 

Learn more about how CBD interacts with the ECS here.

Cannabinol (CBN) 

Cannabinol (CBN) is a cannabinoid known to have anticonvulsant, sedative, and other pharmacological activities⁷ that are still being explored. CBN is created during the breakdown of the psychoactive cannabinoid THC⁸. Like THC, CBN also binds to the CB1 receptor, but at a much lower strength than THC. This technically makes it a psychoactive compound, but it doesn’t produce much of a ‘high’ sensation. CBN has a stronger affinity towards the CB2 receptors, which are mostly associated with immune system regulation.⁹

Cannabigerol (CBG)

Cannabigerol (CBG) is an active, non-intoxicating minor cannabinoid found in cannabis. CBG can work synergistically with CBD to mitigate the ‘high’ produced by THC while also helping to compound each cannabinoid’s therapeutic effects, depending on the ratios of each cannabinoid present. Studies indicate that CBG may have therapeutic potential in treating the symptoms of some neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as having antibacterial activity.¹⁰

Synthetic cannabinoids

Synthetic cannabinoids are cannabinoids that have been synthesised to mimic the actions of phytocannabinoids or influence the body’s endocannabinoid levels. Like naturally occurring cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids act on the cannabinoid receptors in the body to produce certain effects. The more accurate term for these compounds is ‘synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists’ (SCRAs).

While some synthetic cannabinoids (SCRAs) have been developed for medicinal use with a prescription, synthetic cannabis products obtained without a prescription are both prohibited and unregulated in Australia. These ‘synthetic cannabis’ products often have stronger and more negative effects (that are not caused by natural cannabis) and greater health risks than their prescribed or natural counterparts.¹¹

Some of the serious adverse effects seen with non-prescription synthetic cannabinoids include:

• fast and irregular heartbeat
• psychosis
• aggressive and violent behaviour
• chest pain
• vomiting
• raised blood pressure (hypertension)
• breathing difficulties
• hyperthermia (overheating)
• breakdown of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis)
• acute kidney injury
• seizures
• stroke
• death.¹²,¹³

Synthetic cannabinoids are usually mixed with solvents and sprayed onto herbs to be sold in colourful, branded packets. Although the contents may be described as ‘herbal’, the actual psychoactive material in these products is synthetic, and not all ingredients or their correct amounts are likely to be listed. On top of this, chemicals usually vary significantly from batch to batch, so different packets can produce different effects, even when the packaging looks the same. All of these factors can contribute to the risk of overdosing on synthetic cannabis products.

Using cannabinoids safely 

The only way to ensure you’re getting the therapeutic benefits and cannabinoid content you need from your cannabis is to get a prescription from a licensed healthcare professional. Cannabinoids can cause unwanted side effects in some people at certain doses, particularly when consumed via illegal cannabis products which are not regulated for safety, quality or ingredients (learn more about legal v. illegal cannabis here) and which often contain high levels of the cannabinoid THC. While there have not been any reported deaths in teens and adults resulting solely from cannabis use or cannabis toxicity, synthetic cannabinoids obtained without a prescription are known to be dangerous and can even cause death. 

CBD is generally well tolerated as a cannabinoid and is non-impairing, even at high doses.¹⁴ On the other hand, THC can induce the ‘high’ feeling associated with cannabis, and can be impairing or sedating in some people at certain doses. Because of this, THC is more likely to cause unwanted side effects like anxiety, confusion, dizziness, slower reaction times and increased heart rate at high doses. In rare cases and at high doses it can also cause hallucinations, paranoia, psychosis, panic attacks, nausea and vomiting.¹⁵ There may also be a link between heavy recreational cannabis use and some psychiatric disorders –  with recent research suggesting that smoking high-potency cannabis each day could increase the chances of developing psychosis by nearly five times compared to people who have never used the drug.¹⁶

Available evidence suggests that the following guidelines may help users reduce or avoid cannabis use-related health risks:¹⁷,¹⁸

1. Abstain from cannabis if it is not required to treat a medical condition, especially if you are in a higher risk group for cannabis related health problems
2. Avoid using THC-containing cannabis treatments if you have angina or a history of myocardial infarction, or a personal or family history of schizophrenia or psychotic disorders
3. Avoid early age initiation of cannabis use (particularly before the age of 16) unless benefits clearly outweigh the risks
4. Choose low-potency or balanced THC-to-CBD ratio cannabis treatments, or CBD only treatments (if appropriate for your condition)
5. Abstain from using synthetic cannabinoids
6. Avoid combustion cannabis methods (instead opt for other non smoking consumption methods)
7. Start with a low dose and slowly titrate up to your ideal dose under the guidance of your doctor
8. Do not use cannabis if you are taking any medications which are known to interact poorly with cannabis (always check with your doctor)
9. Carefully monitor any side effects and interactions with other prescription medications that you experience when taking cannabis
10. Abstain from cannabis use while pregnant

It’s important to note that driving with any amount of THC in your system is currently illegal in Australia (in every state except Tasmania) due to its potential to impair cognitive functions needed for safe driving. Always follow the dosing and administration guidelines provided to you by your doctor and monitor your symptoms and any side effects when starting a new treatment or changing your dose.

For more information on cannabinoids, visit The Caregiver's Guide to Medicinal Cannabis.

Talk to a doctor about safely using cannabinoids to treat the symptoms of a chronic condition by signing up as a Polln patient today.

Learn more about the differences between illegal and legal cannabis in Australia here.

FAQs

Are terpenes cannabinoids? 

Like cannabinoids, terpenes are one of the numerous chemical compounds found within the cannabis plant which have therapeutic potential, but they are not considered cannabinoids. Terpenes are organic, aromatic compounds found in plants in the form of oils. Essentially, they are what gives a plant its unique flavour and aroma. But beyond just influencing the cannabis plant’s unique taste and smell, terpenes also play a significant role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis by interacting with cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds to create subtle differences in our experience.

Learn more about terpenes here.

Are cannabinoids addictive? 

Cannabis is known to have a low to moderate risk of dependence that is significantly lower than alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and prescription drugs like morphine and opioid medicines.¹⁹ But there is still some potential for a dependence to develop, particularly in non-prescription users and those taking high concentrations of THC. 

In 2018, a report from the World Health Organisation found that the cannabinoid CBD exhibits no effects indicative of any abuse or dependence potential in humans and stated that to date ‘there is no evidence of public health related problems associated with the use of pure CBD.’²⁰ In fact, evidence suggests that CBD can mitigate the unwanted effects of THC and shows potential in treating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, cancer, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, and other serious conditions. It is therefore highly unlikely that CBD is an addictive cannabinoid.

THC, on the other hand, may have the capacity to create dependence in some users. Studies show that the risk of recreational cannabis dependence is more common with high strength THC cannabis strains with a low CBD content (which are often bred illegally for this purpose), large amounts consumed, high frequency use (heavy, daily) and with starting use early in adolescence.²¹ Currently, there is very limited research looking at whether there is an association between medicinal THC and dependence, so more research is needed. With the support of a prescribing doctor, you should be able to find a treatment plan and dose that works for you while reducing the risk of dependence.

Taking tolerance breaks can reduce the amount of THC you need to feel the therapeutic benefits of your medicine and reduce the risk of dependence. Talk to your prescribing doctor if you believe you are experiencing any signs or symptoms of cannabis dependence.

Learn more about tolerance breaks here.

Chronic cannabis use can lead to what is known as Cannabis Use Disorder. Cannabis Use Disorder is categorised by a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. This might look like taking larger amounts of cannabis over a longer period than intended, neglecting work, social or other obligations due to cannabis use, developing a tolerance or experiencing withdrawals to cannabis, experiencing strong cravings to use cannabis and more.²² Talk to your doctor if you are concerned about or believe you are showing signs of Cannabis Use Disorder. 
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How many different cannabinoids are there? 

The cannabis plant produces between 80 and 100 phytocannabinoids. In addition to CBD and THC, some of these include:

• THC-acid (THCA)
• CBD-acid (CBDA)
• Cannabigerol (CBG)
• Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)
• Cannabichromene (CBC)
• Cannabichromenolic acid (CBCA)
• Cannabichromevarin (CBCV)
• Cannabichromevarinolic acid (CBCVA)
• Cannabidivarin (CBDV)
• Cannabidivarinolic acid (CBDVA), and
• Cannabinol (CBN)
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Do all cannabinoids get you high?

No. Not all cannabinoids are intoxicating and therefore will not produce the ‘high’ sensation that is most commonly associated with THC. This is because each cannabinoid has unique properties and interacts with the endocannabinoid system in varying ways. Cannabinoids (like THC) which interact with the CB1 receptor in our ECS are more likely to produce a psychoactive or intoxicating effect, however not all cannabinoids which interact with the CB1 receptor will produce a strong ‘high’ feeling.

Learn more about the endocannabinoid system here.

It is common for cannabis (aka marijuana) products and treatments in the prescription and non-prescription market (which is currently illegal in Australia) to be broken up into three distinct groups: indica, sativa, and hybrid. Many patients and consumers still use these classifications to predict the effects their cannabis will have, but how accurate are they?

In this article, we’ll explore these three different strain types and the new ways patients, consumers and those in the medicinal cannabis industry are classifying their cannabis.

The history of indica and sativa 

Cannabis is believed to have originated in Central Asia and to have migrated to almost every continent across all reaches of the planet, adapting to various climates in the process. These adaptations coupled with the selective breeding of cannabis by cultivators led to variations in cannabis that became known as landrace strains, which are each named after their region of origin.

Many of these landrace strains were collected from their native habitats and brought to the Western world, where they were crossbred with one another in horticultural attempts to explore the plant’s potential. This process of hybridisation has given rise to the thousands of named cannabis varieties consumed across the world today.

You may have heard the terms ‘indica’ and ‘sativa’ as well as ‘hybrid’ in discussions around cannabis strains. Indicas and sativas came from the original landrace strains mentioned above and are known for their distinctive effects on the user. 

In 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (known as the ‘father of modern taxonomy’) published Species Plantarum, a book listing every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. Linnaeus classified all cannabis plants under one group, ‘Cannabis sativa L.,’ with ‘Cannabis’ as the genus, ‘sativa’ as the species, and ‘L.’ indicating Linnaeus’ system. ‘Sativa’ comes from the Latin ‘sativum,’ meaning ‘cultivated.’¹ 

Later, in 1785, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck became the first person to classify the differences between two distinct species of the plant: Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. Lamarck’s classifications were based on the physical characteristics of the different plants, and his own experience when testing them. ‘Cannabis sativa’ was found to be a taller, slimmer, and more fibrous plant, while ‘Cannabis indica,’ was found to be shorter, wider, and possessing greater psychoactive properties. The name Indica means ‘from India,’ which is where the plant was thought to originate. 

Today, these definitions have endured. These are the three main types of 'strains' of cannabis you may have encountered:

• Indica
• Sativa
• Hybrid (a cross between both sativa and indica strains)

We’ll explore each of these strains below.

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What is indica?  

Typically known for their relaxing properties, Indica strains originally grew in cold, northern climates. They grew shorter and stockier because of these environments, with a shorter life cycle that allowed them to be harvested before the colder weather hit.  

Indica origin 

• Cannabis indica is native to Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Turkey. 

Plant properties:

• Indica plants are shorter and stockier than sativa plants with bushy greenery and broad, dark green leaves. Indicas grow faster than sativa plants, and also produce more flowers (buds).

Cannabinoid balance: 

• Indica strains tend to have higher levels of CBD than sativa strains, but the THC content isn’t always less.

Most commonly associated effects 

• Based on anecdotal feedback, Indica strains tend to be associated with a relaxing, sedating effect, which may assist with anxiety symptoms and sleep issues.

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What is sativa?  

Known for their uplifting, stimulating effects, Sativa strains are found primarily in hot, dry climates.

Sativa origin:  

• Sativa strains are indigenous to warmer parts of the world, such as Eastern Asia and Central and South America.

Plant properties:

• Sativa plants are taller and slimmer than indicas, with thin, light green leaves. As they can exceed 3m in height, Cannabis sativa plants typically take much longer to mature than indicas.

Cannabinoid balance: 

• Sativa strains tend to have a lower ratio of CBD to THC than Indicas.

Most commonly associated effects: 

• Based on anecdotal feedback, cannabis sativa is known for its stimulating effects. It is often said to produce a 'mind high' that may increase creativity and focus and reduce anxiety.

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How to recognise differences between indica and sativa

Nowadays, instead of indica and sativa strains, most cannabis strains are hybrid strains, a combination of both (we'll unpack this more below). Therefore it doesn't really make sense to compare indica vs sativa when it comes to therapeutic effects. Where the two different cannabis strains do differ distinctly is in appearance.

• Sativa plant – skinny, light green leaves on a tall, slim plant
• Indica plant – short, bushy plants with broad, dark green leaves

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What is hybrid cannabis? 

Cannabis growers are constantly producing new and unique strains from different combinations of indica- and sativa-descended parent plants, and these are known as hybrid cannabis strains. Often grown to target specific medical use cases, hybrid cannabis plants can deliver a wide range of varying effects. Hybrids are typically grown on farms or in greenhouses from a combination of sativa and indica strains, each with unique ratios of THC to CBD.

Due to the long history of cross breeding cannabis, research suggests that strains with pure indica or pure sativa strains are rare today.² This means that most 'Indica strains' and 'Sativa strains' are actually hybrid strains, with genetics inherited from both types.

What are the main effects of hybrids? 

Hybrids are typically classified as indica-dominant, sativa-dominant, or balanced. This means that the effects of a hybrid strain will depend on whether it has more indica or sativa in its lineage, and (more importantly) its cannabinoid and terpene content. Hybrids are typically grown to elicit specific medicinal and other effects, such as reducing anxiety and depression, delivering pain relief, and more.

Changes to how we describe strains: 

Today, research suggests that years of crossbreeding has likely hybridised sativa and indica strains to the point that most of the cannabis consumed today is a combination of the two species’ lineages.

But if sativa, indica and hybrid strain classifications don't matter as much anymore, what does?

Many in the industry now prefer to classify cannabis as fitting more or less within these categories, defined by the level of major cannabinoids CBD and THC, also known as chemotypes:

• Type I: High THC (more than 0.3% THC and less than 0.5% CBD)
• Type II: THC/CBD (high contents of both CBD and THC)
• Type III: High CBD (less than 0.3% THC)

But even more importantly – we are increasingly seeing the value that terpenes, minor cannabinoids (such as CBG and CBN), flavonoids and other compounds have in the therapeutic potential of cannabis strains.

Early research tells us that a whole plant approach to cannabinoid therapies which takes full advantage of the cannabinoid content (beyond THC and CBD) and terpene profile of the cannabis plant may be the most effective way to meet its healing potential.³,⁴

Cannabinoid makeup 

• Research has found that the cannabis plant produces between 80 and 100 cannabinoids and about 300 non-cannabinoid chemicals.⁵
• Cannabinoids are naturally occurring components responsible for producing many of the effects of cannabis by interacting with our endocannabinoid systems.
• Knowing which cannabinoids and ratios of cannabinoids like THC and CBD (and many more) are present in your cannabis treatments is one of the best ways to predict the effects it will have on you and your symptoms.
• Learn more about some of the different types of cannabinoids and what they do here.

Terpenes 

• Terpenes are the organic, aromatic compounds found in plants in the form of oils. Essentially, they are what gives a plant its unique flavour and aroma. 
• Terpenes are responsible for the aromatic diversity of the wide range of strains and cultivars available.
• Beyond just influencing the cannabis plant’s unique taste and smell, terpenes also play a significant role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis by interacting with cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds to create subtle differences in our experience.
• Learn more about different terpenes and their effects here.

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What is Cannabis ruderalis? 

Cannabis ruderalis is a third type of cannabis strain which contains low quantities of cannabinoids. It isn’t widely used because it isn’t known to produce any potent effects.

Ruderalis origin:  

• Ruderalis plants are found in more extreme environments than other strains, such as those in Eastern Europe, Himalayan regions of India, Siberia, and Russia. Like indica plants, ruderalis grows quickly, having adapted to cold, low-sunlight environments.

Plant properties:

• Ruderalis are small, bushy plants which rarely grow taller than 30 centimetres, but they grow rapidly and can be ready for harvest in little more than a month from the time of planting.

Cannabinoid balance: 

• Ruderalis typically contains very little THC and somewhat higher amounts of CBD, but it does not contain enough of either cannabinoid to produce any noticeable effects.

Most commonly associated effects: 

• Because of its low potency and cannabinoid content, ruderalis isn’t typically used for medicinal or recreational purposes on its own. It may, however, be bred with other cannabis types because it is affordable and yields large quantities.

Which strain is right for me? 

The best way to find the strain that works for you and your symptoms is to get a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare professional. A doctor who is well versed in medicinal cannabis and cannabinoid medicines will be able to find a treatment type that works for you, while taking all of your individual needs as well as available strain types, cannabinoid and terpene content, formats, and delivery methods into consideration. 

It’s important to note that cannabis grown or obtained without a prescription is illegal in all states in Australia, except the ACT. And, because non-prescription cannabis is unregulated in Australia, it is highly likely that your therapeutic needs won’t be met by the cannabis you purchase without a prescription. Learn more about illegal v. legal cannabis in Australia here. A medicinal cannabis prescription from a qualified doctor is the best way to ensure the safety, quality, efficacy and cannabinoid and terpene content of your cannabis medicines for optimum results.

Polln is Australia’s leading digital clinic for holistic plant medicine. We deliver compassionate care to expertly manage a range of health conditions naturally. If you’d like to learn about your Medicinal Cannabis options in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and other areas throughout Australia, sign up as a Polln patient or make an appointment today. Or, find out if medicinal cannabis might be right for you by taking our free eligibility quiz.

FAQs 

• Should I smoke indica for anxiety?

While indica strains are most commonly associated with relaxing effects, there is little evidence to suggest that this is due to their strain-type alone. In fact, research now suggests that most strains are hybrid, containing both indica and sativa lineages. The plant compounds, cannabinoids and terpenes are the best indicators for the effects your cannabis will have on symptoms like anxiety. If you are looking to reduce anxiety, a qualified doctor can help you find a cannabis treatment with the right cannabinoid and terpene content for you and your symptoms.

Smoking is not supported by the TGA, and comes with a long list of health risks. Learn about some of the other methods available for consuming medicinal cannabis to get the most out of your treatments here.

• What is stronger indica or sativa? 

In terms of their intoxicating or psychoactive effects, sativa strains are said to be ‘stronger’ than indica strains because of their high THC content. THC is a psychoactive, intoxicating cannabinoid which produces the ‘high’ commonly associated with cannabis use, and it can be impairing and cause adverse side effects at higher doses.

• What happens if you mix indica and sativa strains?

If you take different strains of cannabis together at the same time, you will alter the effects of your cannabis – much like a hybridised strain. If you are prescribed two different strains or types of cannabinoid medicines, your doctor will likely have prescribed the specific strains for varying, specific uses, or to take at different times in the day. Talk to your doctor about the best time to take them and whether they are safe to be taken together or close together. 

Experimenting with or taking too much of either of your cannabis strains could result in negative effects, so it’s best to only consume your cannabinoid medicines as advised by your doctor. 

Medicinal cannabis (historically also known as ‘marijuana’) can be delivered to the body in a number of ways, depending on your individual needs as a patient. 

When consuming medical cannabis, different methods and the site of absorption will impact how the compounds are absorbed, distributed, and metabolised by the body, altering your body’s response to them. This means that the medical cannabis format selected will have varying effects on the duration, strength and quality of your experience. 

Let’s look at five different ways to consume medical cannabis:

1. Inhalation (including vaping and smoking methods)
2. Ingestion
3. Sublingual
4. Topical
5. Suppositories

‍Inhalation

There are two different ways to consume medicinal cannabis via inhalation — smoking and vaporising — both of which produce rapid onset and similar effects. 

In medicinal contexts, vaping is preferable to smoking cannabis because it reduces the amount of undesired hydrocarbons being absorbed into the body while also alleviating the need for tobacco, which can lead to addiction and other serious health issues. Vaping is considered the healthier alternative to smoking for medical patients as it also allows for a more precise dose to meet the therapeutic needs of a patient, given that less of the THC dose is lost in side stream/combustion. Smoking is not a recommended delivery method for medical cannabis.

Vaping

Vaping is the process of heating the medicinal cannabis plant or cannabis extracts at high heat without burning it, allowing cannabinoids and terpenes to be released in the form of a vapour, which is then inhaled. Inhalation delivery methods, like vaping, allow cannabinoids to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the lungs, making this the preferred method for patients who require rapid relief of symptoms.

Pros of vaping cannabis

Some of the benefits of vaping instead of smoking flower, include:

• Rapid onset and fast relief – first effects occur within 90 seconds and reach a maximum after 15 to 30 minutes before wearing off after 2–3 hours. Useful for symptoms and conditions where immediate relief is required.¹
• Higher concentrations of active ingredients – vaporising heats the cannabis without burning it², which maintains the concentrations and quality of the active ingredients like cannabinoids and terpenes³. This allows you to better absorb cannabinoids and other active ingredients.
• Temperature control – patients can control the temperature of their vaporiser to achieve desired benefits based on the boiling points of their cannabis medicine’s ingredients, including cannabinoids and terpenes.
• Potential reduction in overall consumption – enhanced cannabinoid and terpene uptake, reduced cravings due to no tobacco, and the ability to easily pick up and put down the vaporiser as needed allows patients to use less cannabis flower than they would need to use when smoking. This reduces the amount of medication needed and saves the patient money over time.
• Less carcinogens and safer than smoking flower
• Decreased respiratory symptoms compared with smoking⁴
• Drastic reduction in pyrolytic smoke compounds compared with smoking⁵
• Legal in public smoking areas with a prescription
• It is the only inhalation method approved for medicinal cannabis consumption by the TGA
• More discreet than smoking – vaping is easier to conceal than smoking and does not release as strong a smell due to the cannabis being safely heated rather than burnt.

Cons of vaping cannabis

Although vaping cannabis – particularly with a TGA approved dry-herb vaporiser – is known to be safer than smoking, it can still come with health risks.

The negative health risks associated with vaping are often related to the use of illegally manufactured vape products⁶ and vape products with chemical profiles that are closer to that of e-liquids. Some of these health risks include:

• EVALI: Potentially Fatal Lung Injury, as well as other health issues. The risk of damage increases significantly if your vape product contains a chemical called vitamin E acetate, which is not present in medically approved vaporisers.
• Ingestion of harmful by-products, including microbial contaminants, toxic chemicals, carcinogens, and addictive substances like dextromethorphan which are often found in black market cannabis oils, unapproved vape pens, cartridges and e-liquids. 
• Vaporiser injuries from unapproved vapes can also range from burns to accidental liquid ingestion and a lung disease known as 'popcorn lung.' 
• Lung injuries
• Heart issues

Patients who have an underlying condition which affects the lungs or airways, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may be advised against using a vaporiser to consume medicinal cannabis. In these cases, the doctor may prescribe a treatment to be taken sublingually or orally.

To be safe and effective, prescribed cannabis flower should be vaporised using a TGA-approved dry-herb vaporiser within the correct temperature range as advised by your prescribing doctor. While these vaporisers can be more expensive than non-medical-grade vaporisers, they are known to have significantly less health risks.

Learn more about vaping by heading to our Ultimate Guide to Vaping Medicinal Cannabis article or browse TGA-approved medical cannabis vaporisers at Shop Polln.

Talk to your doctor before using a vaporiser with your prescribed medicinal cannabis treatments and only use your treatments and vaporiser as advised.

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Smoking

Although smoking is the oldest and most common way to consume for non-medical cannabis users, it is not recommended for medical cannabis patients due to the health risks and the variability and unpredictability of each individual’s response. Some common smoking methods include use of rolling paper or smoking devices such as pipes or bongs. Other consumption methods are recommended and considered healthier alternatives for medical patients such as ingestion, sublingual or vaping methods. In fact, prescribed medicinal cannabis is consumed predominantly via oral routes, with an estimated 71% of patients opting for this method in Australia.⁷

Here are some things to consider when it comes to smoking methods:

• At least 40% of the THC dose in cannabis is lost in side stream/combustion when smoking, making it difficult to estimate the amount of THC content a patient is receiving.⁸
• Cannabis smoke, like tobacco smoke, is associated with increased risk of cancer, lung damage, and poor pregnancy outcomes⁹. It can also inflame and irritate your respiratory system due to exposure to heat, burned organic matter and carbon monoxide.
• If you smoke cannabis in combination with tobacco, you are increasing your risk of many health conditions and diseases including cancer, heart disease and chronic respiratory conditions¹⁰.
• Smoking cannabis is not supported by the TGA.
• Smoking cannabis is less discreet than vaping as cannabis smoke has a distinct smell. It's also not an approved way to consume cannabis in public smoking areas – even with a valid prescription.
• Smoking cannabis with tobacco is more likely to lead to addiction and dependence, which can cause patients to use more cannabis than required. This is primarily due to nicotine – the addictive substance found in tobacco – and not the cannabis itself. 
• You may need to use more of your cannabis treatment to achieve the same results as you would with vaporising, due to cannabinoids and active ingredients being lost in combustion. This increases the costs of your medication over time. 

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Ingestion

Ingestion methods of cannabis consumption include any medicinal cannabis treatment that is consumed orally – such as edibles, tinctures, oils, capsules and extracts. While the effects of cannabinoid medicines will take longer to kick in when taken orally, they will also last longer¹. This makes them ideal for medical conditions or symptoms where control over longer periods of time is required, similar to other types of slow release medication. In a 2022 study of 1600 participants, oral consumption was the most common method for medicinal cannabis use (72%) in Australia⁷.

When ingesting medicinal cannabis, cannabinoids are absorbed through your digestive system and gastrointestinal tract before metabolising in the liver, resulting in slightly varying medicinal properties and both stronger and longer lasting effects than other methods. Oral medicinal cannabis treatments can come in the form of tinctures, oils, capsules, lozenges or sprays. Cannabis-infused edibles – such as gummies, cookies, candies, drinks, and more – are another popular ingestion method for cannabis, however, there are limited edible medicinal cannabis treatments currently available in Australia.

Pros of ingestion

• No risk to lung health
• Ability to manage dose in exact measurements
• Can be consumed discreetly 
• Effects last longer than other methods (4 to 12 hours)

Cons of ingestion

• It may take 30 minutes to two hours¹ to feel the full effects from ingested cannabis, however some patients may find this to be an advantage due to convenience and longer duration of effects.
• When ingesting a treatment that contains THC, there is a potential for a second spike of psychoactive effects when the THC is metabolised in the liver after initial effects, which may be unwanted or unexpected. 

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Sublingual

The sublingual method of medical cannabis delivery involves placing the treatment under the tongue, a consumption method which allows active ingredients to be absorbed directly into the blood vessels of your tongue, bypassing the digestive system. Treatments taken sublingually can come in the form of cannabis oil, tinctures, lozenges, tablets, sprays, wafers and more.

Patients who use this delivery method will place their sublingual cannabis medication under their tongue so that the mouth's mucus membranes – similar to those in the lungs – absorb the consumed cannabis into the bloodstream. 

Because this method allows the active ingredients in cannabis to bypass the digestive system, its bioavailability is higher than that of edibles and other ingestible cannabis treatments, allowing for faster onset and higher concentrations of cannabinoids. 

Pros of sublingual

• Faster onset of effects than ingestion methods (typically 15 to 40 minutes)¹¹
• No risk to lung health
• Ability to manage dose in exact measurements
• Can be consumed discreetly 
• Sublingual oils and tinctures have a longer shelf life and are easier to store than cannabis flower, edibles and other treatments (low risk of degradation of cannabinoids and other compounds when stored in correct temperature)

Cons of sublingual

• Some patients may find sublingual administration slightly more inconvenient than ingestion or inhalation methods, due to having to hold the treatment under the tongue for approximately 1 minute or more
• Depending on your treatment, you may not enjoy the taste of the treatment under your tongue

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Topical

In this method, the medical cannabis products are applied directly to the skin, penetrating only the top layers of skin and providing localised relief from inflammation, pain, skin irritations and more. This is one of the most discreet ways of consuming cannabis.   

Medicinal cannabis topicals come in a variety of forms, including balms, lotions, creams, salves and transdermal patches. Topical CBD skin creams in particular have shown promise in treating symptoms of skin conditions like acne, psoriasis and eczema¹², arthritis¹³, neuropathy pain¹⁴ and jaw pain¹⁵ in some patients.

For most topical application, cannabinoids react with receptors under the skin but do not reach the bloodstream. Transdermal patches however, are one method designed to slowly release cannabinoids into the bloodstream over a longer period of time, usually producing effects within 15 minutes.

There is clinical evidence suggesting the beneficial effects of topical cannabinoids (especially CBD) in treating a range of skin conditions¹⁶. However much more research is needed in this area.

Pros of topicals

• Ideal for localised relief
• Non-impairing – even when a topical treatment contains THC, the THC does not penetrate blood vessels meaning topical treatments are unlikely to be psychoactive (won’t get you high)
• Minimal side effects
• No dose limitations (can be applied multiple times a day)
• Easy to use
• Very discreet

Cons of topicals

• Effects are localised to specific area
• May require continued application if symptoms persist (more than once a day)
• The transdermal patch may be visible depending on the area that requires treatment

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Medicinal Cannabis Suppositories

Suppositories offer a targeted dose of cannabinoids to a localised area that can help facilitate higher absorption rates in the body. Suppositories are particularly useful for those suffering from ailments related to the mid-lower region of the body, including pelvic inflammatory diseases, inflammatory bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, endometriosis and more. In this method, medicinal cannabis is provided in a solid form to be inserted into the rectum or vagina. Medical cannabis oil suppositories have one of the greatest absorption rates of all delivery methods, producing effects within 10 to 15 minutes for rectal administration. Unfortunately, medical cannabis suppositories are currently not available in Australia, but we hope that in the near future, more and more novel cannabis products with therapeutic benefits such as this are made available to Australian patients.

Pros of cannabis suppositories

• Provides localised relief from symptoms
• Great alternative for those who cannot or prefer not to take ingestible, sublingual or inhaled cannabis-based medications, due to age, medical condition, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, difficulty swallowing or personal preference
• Fast onset of effects
• Long duration of effects (peak effects felt within 2–8 hours with overall duration of about 8 hours)¹⁸
• Generally safe and well tolerated
• Unlikely to produce a ‘high’ sensation

Cons of cannabis suppositories

• Some patients may find this delivery method uncomfortable or invasive
• Mainly provides relief to a certain area, may not be suitable for relieving generalised symptoms like anxiety
• Patients need to be mindful of the ingredients in the solid, oil-based holder used to contain the cannabis medicine incase of allergy or sensitivity
• Patients also need to be mindful of hygiene and sensitivity in areas where the suppository is inserted to avoid health issues like yeast infections

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Medically approved ways to take cannabis in Australia

Consuming medicinal cannabis via vaporisation (with a TGA approved vaporiser), ingestion, sublingual methods and suppositories are all approved methods for consumption in Australia with a valid prescription. Always follow the advice of your prescribing doctor when selecting the way you wish to consume cannabis - as well as the dosing and administration instructions provided in your prescription or on your treatment packaging.

What is the best way for me to consume medicinal cannabis?

While there are many different ways to consume cannabis medication, it’s important to note that not everyone experiences these medicines in the same way. What works best for one patient may not necessarily be the ideal method for you. Individual endocannabinoid systems, tolerance levels and other biological factors vary from person to person, so it’s important to try and find out which consumption methods work best for you with the support of your doctor.

To talk to a doctor about medicinal cannabis and different delivery methods, sign up as a Polln patient today. Or take our free eligibility quiz to find out if medicinal cannabis might be right for you.

What are terpenes? 

Terpenes (pronounced tur-peens) are the organic, aromatic compounds found in plants in the form of oils. Essentially, they are what gives a plant its unique flavour and aroma. When it comes to cannabis plants, terpenes are contained in the trichomes of female cannabis plants in the form of sticky resin glands. Cannabis plants contain more than 150 types of terpenes, each responsible for the aromatic diversity of the wide range of cannabis cultivars and strains available. 

Until recently, much of the cannabis industry has been focused almost solely on the therapeutic qualities of cannabinoids like THC and CBD. But, as our knowledge of terpenes continues to grow and cannabis science expands, it’s becoming increasingly apparent that these aromatic compounds are medicinal powerhouses in their own right. Beyond just influencing the cannabis plant’s unique taste and smell, terpenes play a significant role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis by interacting with cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds to create subtle differences in our experience.

It all comes down to synergy. That is, multiple elements of cannabis working together to amplify each individual element’s effect. This allows for the overall effect of the plant to be greater than the sum of its individual parts (this phenomenon is known as the ‘entourage effect’¹). When cannabinoids like THC and CBD are paired with other cannabis compounds such as terpenes (or certain concentrations of them) they create or emphasise particular medicinal or other types of effects, opening up a world of therapeutic combinations and medicinal purposes that researchers are beginning to explore.

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What do terpenes do? (Terpene effects)

Throughout history, humans have been harnessing the wide range of aromas and properties of terpenes for various purposes, including medicinal. Different terpenes have different effects on the mind and body, with potential capabilities ranging from antibacterial and antifungal to anticancer and pain relieving², to name a few. The potential medicinal properties of these aromatic compounds and the way terpenes interact with your endocannabinoid system are still being explored and we hope to see more medical research in the near future.

Ever used the scent of lavender to help you drift off to sleep? You have the terpene linalool to thank for that effect! Studies have shown that linalool aids sedation and relaxation while reducing aggression and hostility. Does the smell of citrus have an uplifting effect on your mood? That’s thanks to the terpene limonene, which is known as a natural antidepressant (among its many other medicinal properties)².

These are just some of the potential therapeutic effects and benefits of terpenes, many of which can be found in cannabis treatments:

• Antiviral: there are a number of terpenes which demonstrate antiviral capabilities, including beta-pinene and limonene⁴, as well as caryophyllene, camphor, and carvone⁵.
• Antidepressant: 25% of modern-day antidepressant drugs are formulated using herbal extracts that contain terpenes, including linalool and beta-pinene².
• Pain relieving: like some cannabinoids, terpenes including humulene, geraniol, linalool, and β-pinene are capable of activating the body’s CB1 receptors (a component of the endocannabinoid system which influences pain perception). One 2021 study combined these terpenes with cannabinoids and found the pain-relieving effects of the cannabinoids to be amplified without an increase in negative side effects. These findings support the entourage effect theory mentioned earlier⁶.
• Anticancer: terpenes like limonene (which may have significant anticancer and antitumor properties⁷), as well as pinene, camphor, terpinene, and beta-myrcene may help inhibit the activity or growth of cancer cells⁸.
• Antimicrobial: terpenes like alpha-bisabolol, geraniol, menthol, eucalyptol, and terpinolene may display antimicrobial activity⁹ which could help in stopping the progression of harmful microorganisms.

Much more research is needed (especially in humans) to uncover the full therapeutic potential of terpenes¹⁰. But preliminary research on medicinal properties and a longstanding history of terpenes being used in traditional medicine indicates that these compounds may have powerful health benefits yet to be explored.

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Do terpenes make you high? 

Terpenes found in cannabis plants aren’t intoxicating on their own, and they won’t make you feel high in the way that the cannabinoid THC might. However, some terpenes are still considered to be psychoactive because they have an effect on the brain (such as making you feel relaxed, uplifted, or less anxious). 

While cannabis terpenes won’t get you high on their own, these aromatic compounds may still alter the effects of intoxicating cannabinoids like THC. THC is the cannabinoid responsible for the high feeling many experience with cannabis use. Some people believe that different combinations of cannabinoids and terpenes may alter and even mitigate the undesirable effects that some THC users experience, like anxiety and intoxication. There is also some evidence that terpenes enhance the existing therapeutic properties of cannabinoids – such as pain relieving⁶ and antidepressant² effects – when they are taken together.

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How do terpenes differ from cannabinoids (THC & CBD)?

Cannabinoids and terpenes are both organic compounds found in cannabis plants – and both have varying effects on the mind and body – but terpenes are not cannabinoids. Let’s explore the differences between the two:

Cannabinoids

• Cannabinoids are a diverse array of molecules found within the cannabis plant, some other plants, and the human body. 
• Phytocannabinoids like THC and CBD are the most common you’ll hear about, and both are found within the cannabis plant. They are largely responsible for the effects you experience when you consume cannabis, including psychoactive, therapeutic and other effects. 
• Cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system in varying ways to produce effects within the mind and body.
• Cannabinoids are heavily regulated in Australia and require a prescription in most cases.
• Cannabinoids like THC are capable of producing an intoxicating effect on the user.

Terpenes

• Terpenes are also organic compounds found within the cannabis plant, but with different effects and properties to cannabinoids. 
• Terpenes influence the aroma and flavour of cannabis (alongside Volatile Sulphur Compounds (VSCs)¹¹) while cannabinoids do not. 
• Terpenes are found in abundance in almost all plants, while cannabinoids exist mainly in cannabis and a small number of other plants (like black pepper). 
• Terpenes are widely available and used in a range of household products in Australia, like perfumes, medicines, cosmetics and cleaning products.
• Some terpenes may interact with the endocannabinoid system (though not as strongly as cannabinoids), but more research is needed in this area⁶. 
• Terpenes can be psychoactive, but are unlikely to produce an intoxicating effect or ‘high’ on the user that is commonly associated with THC.

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How do terpenes influence our experience of medical cannabis?

Cannabis terpenes affect our experience of medicinal cannabis in a number of ways – depending on the types, concentrations and combinations of terpenes in the flower, the cannabinoids and other compounds present, and the individual patient consuming the cannabis. Terpenes range dramatically in aroma, with varying smells often being associated with certain medicinal or psychoactive effects. These aromatic compounds are highly bioactive, and interact with different receptors in the body – including our endocannabinoid receptors – to produce varying effects.

Lavender, for example, which contains the terpene linalool (which is also found in many cannabis strains) is known for its calming effects. This means that linalool-rich strains of cannabis are likely to have a calming, pain-relieving effect greater than what would be achieved with isolated cannabinoids or a strain with a different terpene profile. The terpene limonene – found in the oils of citrus plants – is associated with bright, uplifting and energy-boosting effects. This means that a limonene-rich strain of cannabis would be more likely to elevate a patient’s mood beyond what cannabinoids are capable of achieving on their own. 

Mounting scientific evidence suggests that terpenes play a considerable role in not only modulating the intoxicating effects of THC, but also working in synergy with other cannabinoids to potentially increase their therapeutic value. A 2018 review of CBD treatments for epilepsy found that patients with epilepsy who took full-spectrum CBD extract – including cannabinoids and terpenes – experienced improved symptoms and fewer side effects than those who took CBD isolate, which contains only cannabinoids¹².

So, if a medical cannabis treatment is selected for a patient based on THC or cannabinoid content alone, then that patient is likely being robbed of the full therapeutic experience and potential of their cannabis treatment. Not only will they miss out on the rich and distinct scents and flavours of the cannabis strain, but they will also miss out on the range of additional medicinal benefits that can only be experienced through a strain’s specific terpene profile. That’s why it’s so important to speak with a qualified doctor who understands the complexities of medical cannabis treatments.

Most commonly known cannabis terpenes

There are many different types of terpenes present in the oils of plants, each producing different smells and tastes as well as effects on the humans and animals who consume them. The cannabis plant alone contains more than 150 terpenes which each contribute to the plant’s therapeutic qualities and potential health benefits. 

Here are just some of the most commonly known terpenes you might find in your medicinal cannabis treatments and in other plants:

Caryophyllene 

• Found in: Black Pepper, Cloves, Cotton
• Aromas: Pepper, Wood, Spice, Herbal
• Potential uses: Pain relief, Anti-inflammatory, Anxiety, Depression + more
  

Limonene

• Found in: Lemon, Fruit Rinds, Juniper
• Aromas: Citrus, Lemon, Orange
• Potential uses: Digestion, Anti-bacterial, Stress relief
  

Farnesene

• Found in: Chamomile, Rose, Potatoes
• Aromas: Sandalwood, Floral, Wood
• Potential uses: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergy, Muscle relaxant
  

Humulene

• Found in: Sage, Ginseng, Hops
• Aromas: Earth, Wood, Spice
• Potential uses: Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Appetite-suppressing
  

Myrcene

• Found in: Mango, Thyme, Lemongrass
• Aromas: Musk, Earth, Citrus
• Potential uses: Anti-inflammatory, Relaxing, Pain relief
  

Terpinolene

• Found in: Lilac, Sage, Rosemary
• Aromas: Floral, Herbal, Pine
• Potential uses: Antibacterial, Anxiety, Insomnia

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Are terpenes good or bad for you? 

Whether a terpene is good or bad for you depends on the plant it is found in and how it is being used. Terpenes themselves are legal and are not classed as a drug on any prohibited drug list. They exist in almost any plant (including herbs, fruits, vegetables and flowers) that you can find in your garden or at your local grocery store, such as lemons, rosemary and mangoes. They also exist in other plants, such as non-edible and toxic plants in the wild. 

In their pure, concentrated forms, terpenes can cause unwanted side effects like dizziness and irritation when consumed, inhaled or topically applied. This is why essential oils that have not been diluted should not be ingested or applied directly onto the skin¹³.

In diluted form (5% or less), terpenes are non-toxic and safe to use.

Are terpenes safe in cannabis? 

Cannabis medicines are highly regulated in Australia for safety, cannabinoid and terpene content, quality and efficacy. Any terpenes found in these treatments have been deemed safe (and even beneficial!) for human consumption. Terpenes are not known to be addictive.

Talk to your doctor if you have any concerns about terpenes in your medicinal cannabis treatments, including any potential allergies or sensitivities. 

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Do all medicinal cannabis treatments contain terpenes?

Unfortunately, not all medicinal cannabis treatments contain terpenes. And for those treatments that do contain terpenes, not all suppliers measure terpene content from batch to batch or place an emphasis on maintaining the plant’s terpene profile in production. This has the potential to lead to inconsistencies in the effects of those treatments from batch to batch. 

While medical cannabis products that use the full plant or whole flower contain the original terpene profiles of the plant, full-spectrum and broad-spectrum medical cannabis treatment (which also contain terpenes) may have reduced terpene profiles due to the extraction methods used to produce them. Isolates do not contain terpenes, however some isolate treatments may have a terpene or terpene blend added back in (that is not from the original plant) – these are known as terpsolates.

There are many variables that can affect the amount of terpenes found in cannabis strains. Environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature, whether the plant is grown outdoors or indoors, growth methods, nutrient levels, and harvest practices can all influence terpene levels. Because many terpenes are volatile compounds that easily evaporate, they are at risk of being lost during standard cannabis extraction processes. But thanks to more in depth cannabis research and growing awareness of the therapeutic benefits of terpenes - and the potential health benefits of the 'entourage effect' - is leading to more sensitive extraction and production methods to help maintain the cannabis plant’s terpene profile.

Talking to your Polln doctor about terpenes 

Just like cannabinoids, your doctor can help you choose an appropriate medicinal cannabis treatment based on its terpene profile and the effects these terpenes may have on your specific symptoms or condition. Terpenes may contribute to the overall affect of the cannabis cultivar  – i.e. whether it is sedative, calming, uplifting or euphoric – or they might have individual medicinal benefits that are suited to your condition – such as being anti-inflammatory or a digestive aid. Also, terpenes affect the taste of your medical cannabis treatment, and there may be certain ones you prefer – just like if you were selecting a tea or coffee. 

If you're looking to reap all of the health benefits native to the cannabis plant through your medical cannabis treatment, talk to your prescribing doctor about available cannabis treatments that incorporate a diverse terpene profile and an array of other compounds.

For more information on terpenes, visit the Caregiver's Guide to Medicinal Cannabis.

If you’d like to learn about your Medicinal Cannabis options in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and other areas throughout Australia, sign up as a Polln patient or make an appointment today.

You can also take our free eligibility quiz and find out if medicinal cannabis may be right for you.

FAQ: 

How long do terpenes last?

Once a cannabis plant has been picked, all of its properties, including cannabinoids and terpenes, begin to degrade. Proper storage methods are the only way to maintain the quality and efficacy of your cannabis plant and its therapeutic properties over time. 

Terpenes are found on the trichomes of the cannabis plant. These are the tiny, glandular appendages on the surface of cannabis flowers. Maintaining terpenes within the cannabis plant can be done by ensuring the trichomes are stored correctly and that damage is minimised. 

To avoid the evaporation of terpenes as well as the oxidation and breakage of terpene-containing trichomes, adequate humidity control should be prioritised in cannabis storage. Maintaining a 55-65% relative humidity (RH) range minimises the loss of these aromatic compounds in cannabis. As well as an airtight container, an ideal RH range can be achieved by using a terpene shield, which is included in some medicinal cannabis flower products sold in Australia. Talk to your doctor about terpene-containing cannabis treatments and terpene preservation.

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Are terpenes legal in Australia? 

Terpenes are legal and widely available not only in plants, but in a range of household products including cosmetics, cleaning products, medications, perfumes, essential oils and more.

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Do terpenes show up on drug tests? 

Terpenes are not classed as a drug on any prohibited drug list and are therefore not tested for in drug tests. Drug tests in Australia are generally measuring for presence of the cannabinoid THC. Learn more about the different types of cannabis drug tests here.

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Can you vape terpenes? 

Terpenes are found in many cannabis treatments, including cannabis flower. So, yes, they can be vaped if they are present within the cannabis treatment you have been prescribed to vape with an approved vaporiser.

Head to our ‘Ultimate guide to vaping cannabis’ for more.

How long will cannabis stay in my system?

While there is no definitive answer to the question of how long cannabis (aka weed or marijuana), including medicinal cannabis, can stay in your system, studies can give us a good idea of how long cannabis may be detected in various drug tests, such as saliva, blood, urine, and hair tests. Generally, higher doses and more frequent cannabis use will lead to longer detection times. Depending on the type of test taken, cannabis may be detected in your system for up to 90 days or 3 months.¹

For cannabis to leave your system, your body first needs to convert it into less active or inactive metabolites through the process known as metabolism, which we’ll explore below.

Cannabis metabolism process

Metabolism is the body’s process of breaking down or transforming almost all of the materials that enter it, from food and drink to drugs and plant medicines like cannabis. The rate at which your body metabolises the cannabinoids and other compounds within your cannabis will determine how long it stays in your system.

In Australia, it is illegal to drive with any amount of THC in your system, and THC is the only cannabinoid tested for in drug tests. This is because THC is an intoxicating, psychoactive cannabinoid which can affect cognitive and motor skills that are needed for safe driving – including attention, judgement, vision, coordination and memory – at certain doses.

Studies have shown that moderate amounts of THC produce mild driving impairment lasting up to four hours. In comparison, 1500mg of the cannabinoid CBD (the highest daily medicinal dose) has ‘no impact on people’s driving or cognitive abilities’² and so is not tested for in drug tests. Learn more about medicinal cannabis and driving in Australia here.

Let’s briefly look at the metabolism process for THC, the psychoactive cannabinoid detected in cannabis drug tests:

THC metabolism process

Step 1: The cannabis plant – which contains the cannabinoid THCa – is heated in a vaporiser, or is heated in the process of being extracted into another format for oral, sublingual or other consumption methods (such as an oil).

Step 2: As the THCa in the cannabis plant heats up, it converts to THC.

Step 3: When the THC is inhaled as a vapour or delivered sublingually (under the tongue), it travels through the body via the bloodstream before reaching the liver. 

When THC is ingested / eaten, it travels to the liver via the digestive system before being taken up by fat tissue in the body and slowly released back into the bloodstream.

Step 4: THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the body to produce varying therapeutic and other effects.

Step 5: In the liver, THC is metabolised a number of times by CYP2C and CYP3A enzymes. It is first converted into the THC metabolite 11-OH-THC (which produces further psychoactive effects) and then into 11-COOH-THC (which is not psychoactive).

Step 6: More than 65% of THC exits the body via the stool and approximately 20% is excreted in urine. Most of the THC is excreted within 5 days as hydroxylated and carboxylated metabolites, but some can remain stored in the fat deposits in the body and in hair follicles.³

Factors involved in the metabolism of cannabis

The amount of time it takes the body to metabolise cannabis and ultimately how long it will stay in your system will vary from individual to individual depending on many factors, including:

• How much cannabis you consume: Higher doses of cannabis generally take your body longer to metabolise, and will lead to longer detection times on drug tests.⁴
• How often you consume cannabis: More frequent users will generally take longer to metabolise cannabis than infrequent users, as cannabinoids have stored in the body over time.
• The potency of your cannabis: Different cannabis treatments will have different THC levels. How much THC is in your medication will affect how long it takes for your body to metabolise. Medications with high doses of THC are likely to stay in your system for longer.
• Your body mass index (BMI) or body fat percentage: THC is extremely fat soluble and can be stored in your body fat for an extended period. The more body fat you have, the more potential there is for THC to be stored in your system.
• How much exercise you do: Physical exercise can help burn fat and speed up metabolism, reducing the amount of fat cells for THC to be stored in over time. However, in regular cannabis users who have accumulated stores of THC in body fat, exercise may actually increase the amount of THC in your blood plasma by releasing dormant THC from fat stores.⁵‍
• Your individual metabolism: Metabolic function varies from person to person, with other factors like age, sex, health, liver function and more also playing a part.

Can you speed up the cannabis metabolism process?

The most effective way to ensure you do not have any THC in your system is to abstain from THC for an extended period of time. How long you choose to abstain from THC may depend on any of the cannabis metabolism factors mentioned above, or on your driving status, work status or type of drug test you may need to take.

Maintaining good health during your abstinence period by drinking the recommended amount of water each day, eating a healthy diet and exercising may help your body metabolise and expel THC stores more effectively. But, there is no evidence to suggest that doing excessive amounts of any of these things will speed up the cannabis metabolism process.

Beware of any ‘cannabis detox’ products or methods that promise to magically flush out THC from your system in a short period of time. There is no evidence-backed supplement, cleanse, juice, tea, drink or product that can rapidly eliminate THC stores in the body. If you are a medicinal cannabis patient who regularly uses THC, your best bet is to abstain from THC and take a cannabis break to support the healthy functioning of your body, metabolism and liver and organs through adequate hydration and a healthy diet and lifestyle.

How long will a drug test detect cannabis in your system? 

There are a number of different tests used to detect cannabis in the body. These tests measure the cannabinoid THC and THC metabolites which can remain in your system long after the effects of THC have worn off. 

How long THC stays in your system depends on the factors above while the likelihood of THC showing up on a drug test will depend on the testing method used. Common tests for THC include:

Urine test 

A urinalysis (or urine test) is one of the most commonly used tests for detecting THC in Australia. Urine testing tests for the metabolite 11-COOH-THC, which can be detectable in urine for as long as 30 days or more, depending on the individual.

A 2017 review⁶ of urine tests found that THC was detectable in urine for varying durations after last use, depending on the following frequencies of cannabis consumption:

• Occasional users (up to three times a week): 3 days
• Moderate users (four times a week): 5 to 7 days
• Chronic users (daily): 10 to 15 days
• Chronic heavy users (multiple times a day): more than 30 days

Saliva test 

Saliva tests use saliva samples to detect THC. They are another common type of test performed in Australia, particularly in random roadside testing.

Generally, saliva tests can detect THC for about 12 hours after use in people who use cannabis infrequently. But for those who frequently use cannabis, such as medicinal cannabis patients who use cannabis to help treat chronic conditions, THC can usually be detected for around 30 hours after use.⁷

Hair follicle test 

The hair test can detect cannabis for the longest duration after last cannabis use. Research shows that THC in hair can produce a positive test after 3 months (or 90 days) of last drug intake.⁸

Blood test 

Blood tests typically detect recent cannabis use, or use that has occurred within the last 2 to 12 hours.⁴ In heavy, daily cannabis users, THC can be detected in the blood for up to 7 days.⁹

THC which has been dormant in fat stores of frequent cannabis users may also be released into blood plasma following exercise, which may be detectable on blood tests.⁵

Cannabis detection in roadside drug testing

It is currently illegal to drive with any amount of the cannabinoid THC in your system in all states in Australia, even if you are a medicinal cannabis patient with a valid prescription. If you choose to take THC or do not wait long enough for the THC to leave your system before you drive and you test positive for THC in a mouth swab / saliva test, you can lose your licence.

Random roadside drug testing uses saliva tests to detect THC. However these tests have limitations. One study conducted by the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Australia found that roadside drug tests often failed to detect THC, while also producing false positives for THC presence up to 10% of the time.¹⁰

Because it is so difficult to know the exact detection windows after consuming THC, if you are a medicinal cannabis patient who has to drive frequently, you may want to consider a CBD treatment rather than a THC one under the current driving laws in Australia. Ensure you are open and honest with your prescribing doctor about your driving status and current situation so they can provide you with a treatment plan that works best for you.

FAQ: 

Does CBD oil show up in an Australian drug test? 

Routine drug tests in Australia, including roadside saliva tests and workplace cannabis drug testing, do not screen for the cannabinoid CBD. This is because CBD is a non-intoxicating compound that does not impair driving or other cognitive abilities.¹¹

CBD oil or any other CBD medication that does not contain the cannabinoid THC will not show up on roadside or workplace drug tests, as these are testing for THC metabolites from the psychoactive cannabinoid THC (which can be impairing) and other drugs or illicit substances. 

Do at-home drug tests work?

At-home drug tests generally use either urine or saliva to detect cannabis. Like laboratory tests, at-home drug testing kits test for the presence of THC metabolites, and will provide either a positive or negative result.

No test of this type is 100% accurate, and a number of factors can influence results, including:

• the way you did the test
• the timeframe you took the test in
• the way you stored the test or sample
• what you ate or drank before taking the test
• any prescription, over-the-counter or other drug use prior to the test

While at-home tests may provide a useful indication for the presence of THC, laboratory tests are the most reliable way to confirm if THC is in your system.

Can secondhand smoke make you fail a drug test? 

Secondhand smoke is unlikely to make you fail a drug test or produce a false positive under normal circumstances.

One 2015 study¹² has shown that extreme cannabis smoke exposure can produce positive urine tests at commonly utilised cutoff concentrations. However, these positive tests are likely to be quite rare, limited to the hours immediately post-exposure, and occurring only under environmental circumstances where exposure is obvious. 

An earlier 2005 study¹³ which placed cannabis smokers and non-smokers together in a vehicle showed that when collected properly and with a waiting period before collection, the risk of a positive result from secondhand smoke exposure was virtually eliminated in oral fluid testing.

What is the recommended medicinal cannabis dosage?

You’ve probably heard by now that medicinal cannabis (historically known as marijuana, learn more about cannabis language here) is a very personalised medication. Unlike many other medications, there are no standardised dosages for medicinal cannabis. This means that what works best for you in terms of dosage, format, cannabinoid content and other factors may not work for another patient, even if you share the same condition. 

So while finding your recommended dosage is a personalised journey you will undertake with your prescribing doctor, there are some general guidelines you can follow.

The main piece of advice you’ll hear is to ‘start low and go slow.’ This is particularly important for beginner cannabis consumers. Your doctor will likely prescribe a low dose and get you to slowly increase this at small increments until you find the best dosage for relieving your symptoms. They will also give you an ideal dose range to work within so that you’re not exceeding the recommended cannabis dosage and flooding your cannabinoid receptors. Through careful monitoring of your symptoms with the support of your prescribing doctor, you should be able to and gradually increase and adjust your treatment plan to find a dose that works best for you. 

Let’s look at some of the factors that will play a part in finding your ideal medicinal cannabis dosage.

Factors that can influence dosage: 

Bioavailability and methods of consumption 

Bioavailability refers to the ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body for its intended purpose. When it comes to medical cannabis, bioavailability determines the rate at which cannabinoids are absorbed and effects are produced in the body. This means that bioavailability determines how quickly and how effectively your medicine will relieve your symptoms, which in turn determines what your ideal dose might be.

Cannabis bioavailability varies greatly depending on your method of consumption. This is because different routes of administration have differing effects on the way the human body absorbs, distributes, processes, and eliminates a substance like medical cannabis. 

There are a number of different ways to take medicinal cannabis, and a number of different types and formats of medical cannabis treatment that you may be prescribed. We’ll explore some of these below.

Inhalation

Vaping medical cannabis 

Vaping is the process of heating cannabis flower or extract at a high temperature without burning it, allowing cannabinoids and terpenes to be released in the form of a vapour, which is then inhaled.

In terms of bioavailability, a 2016 study found that some medical-grade cannabis vaporisers, including the Volcano Medic by Storz & Bickel, are capable of reaching bioavailability ratings of between 50–80%.¹ This makes the bioavailability of cannabis vapour (with the right vaporiser) significantly higher than other cannabis formats, which may suit medical patients who require more rapid onset and faster relief from symptoms.

For medical uses, vaping is preferable to smoking not only because of its increased bioavailability, but because it maintains cannabinoid content and contains far fewer toxins and carcinogens. It is also supported by the TGA when a medical-grade dry-herb vaporiser is used.

Only use a medicinal cannabis vaporiser if you are advised to by your prescribing cannabis doctor. Learn more about vaping medicinal cannabis here.

Smoking medicinal cannabis 

Although smoking cannabis is the most common route of administration for non-medical cannabis use, it is not recommended for medical patients due to the health risks and the variability and unpredictability of each individual patient and their response.

Compared to vaping cannabis with a TGA-approved vaporiser, smoking cannabis comes with far greater health risks, reduced bioavailability (about 30%²) and less active ingredients. At least 40% of the THC dose in cannabis is lost in side stream/combustion when smoked,³ making it difficult to estimate the amount of THC a patient is receiving. 

In the aforementioned 2016 study¹ which compared the quality of cannabis vapour and cannabis smoke, only 3 non-cannabinoids were found in the cannabis vapour produced by the Volcano Medic, while about 150 chemicals were identified in the smoke of combusted cannabis, including 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are strong carcinogens.

Learn more about the benefits of vaping vs. smoking medicinal cannabis here.

Sublingual 

The sublingual method of cannabis medication delivery allows active ingredients to be absorbed directly into the blood vessels of your tongue, bypassing the digestive system. Patients who use this delivery method will place their sublingual medicinal cannabis treatment under their tongue so that mucous membranes – similar to those in the lungs – absorb the cannabis medication into the bloodstream. 

Because this method allows the active ingredients in your cannabis medication to bypass the digestive system, its bioavailability is higher than that of edibles and other oral medicinal cannabis treatments, allowing for faster onset and higher concentrations of cannabinoids. 

The bioavailability of sublingual medicinal cannabis treatments varies, and can range from slightly higher than oral methods (about 4–20%⁴) to as much as 92–98% for one studied oromucosal (sublingual) prescription spray.⁵

Ingestion

Ingestion methods of medicinal cannabis consumption refer to any cannabis medication that is consumed orally – including edibles, oils, tinctures, capsules and extracts. Oral bioavailability is lower than other delivery methods, and is said to range somewhere between 4–20%.⁴

Despite the lower bioavailability of oral cannabis medications, they typically last longer than other methods of consumption,⁶ with peak effects occurring about two to four hours after consumption.³ Given the slower onset and longer duration of oral administration this method may be more useful for medical conditions or symptoms where control over longer periods of time is required, much like any other slow release medication.

The active ingredients (e.g. cannabinoids) within your cannabis

Before you find the right dose, your doctor will also need to help you find the right type of cannabis treatment for you and your needs. One of the most important factors they will consider is the active ingredients within your cannabis, including cannabinoids like CBD and THC, other cannabinoids, terpenes and other cannabis compounds. 

The active ingredients within your medicinal cannabis treatment will influence the effects your medication has, as well as the dose you will need to take to get relief from your symptoms. Some cannabinoids or cannabinoid combinations and doses may be more effective for relieving certain symptoms, and your doctor will help guide you to find what works for you. 

Because of their varying effects, it’s important to note that when consuming THC, you may notice effects more quickly than with CBD. Finding the right balance between CBD and THC and exploring different cannabis treatments, formats and dosage requirements will be an individual process. The goal is to find your optimal therapeutic window where you get the most benefit without unwanted adverse effects. 

Tolerance 

Whether you are a regular cannabis consumer or entirely new to medical cannabis, your tolerance to your prescribed treatment will impact your cannabis dose. Patients who are new to cannabis are likely to have a low tolerance, and may only need 0.1–0.5 of the starting dose of a regular cannabis user³ to feel its effects. Patients who are regular cannabis consumers may have a higher tolerance, and may be able to start on a slightly higher dose. These patients should be advised to consider their tolerance and the accumulation of THC in fat stores and adjust their dose or take tolerance breaks accordingly.

We know that regular / prolonged use of THC-containing cannabis treatments may cause patients to develop a tolerance⁷ to the therapeutic benefits of their treatments. The means they may stop experiencing the same results or relief that they usually would with their regular THC dose. Tolerance breaks can help patients reset their cannabinoid receptors and return to their ideal dose (or even lower) to get the desired effects from their treatment, resulting in lower costs over time and a more balanced endocannabinoid system.

Learn more about cannabis tolerance and tolerance breaks here.

Individual differences in ECS

Each of us – whether we consume cannabis or not – has an endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a molecular system made up of a vast network of chemical signals and cellular receptors located all throughout our brains and bodies. These help regulate and balance many processes in the body – including immune response, communication between cells, sleep, pain, appetite, hormone levels, metabolism, memory, and more. 

Because no two bodies are the same, the endocannabinoid system will vary between each individual patient depending on age, sex, health, weight, illness, potential endocannabinoid deficiency and other individual factors. 

For example, age and sex of individuals are important determinants for the consequences of cannabinoid exposure on conditions like anxiety, with women having an increased propensity to anxiety-related disorders and biological differences in the endocannabinoid system compared with men.⁸

So, because the endocannabinoid system varies from person to person, so will our individual responses to medical cannabis treatments, which interact with the endocannabinoid system in a number of ways. This is why finding the right dose for you and your symptoms is an individual process that can only be done through trial and error and with the support of a healthcare professional. 

Learn more about how cannabis interacts with the endocannabinoid system here.

Your treatment goals and what you are using medical cannabis to treat

Depending on your treatment goals and the condition/s and symptom/s you are using medicinal cannabis to treat, your ideal dose may be lower or higher than that of another patient, and that’s something only you and your doctor can determine together based on your individual patient needs. So while there may be general guidelines that your doctor can follow in terms of the type of treatment, the active ingredients and the dose that might be best for your condition and symptoms, it will all come down to how you as an individual respond to your cannabis treatment once you’ve started taking it.

For example, a patient with generalised anxiety, PTSD or sleep issues may see greater results with a lower dose of CBD (e.g. 25 to 75 mg)⁹,¹⁰ than with a higher dose (e.g. 600 mg).¹¹ A patient with epilepsy however, might require 300 to 1500 mg of CBD each day to reduce seizures.¹² It all depends on the individual patient’s response to treatment.

By monitoring your progress (a treatment journal which measures your symptoms over time as you find your ideal treatment and dose is a great tool for this) and regularly checking in with your prescribing doctor, you should be able to find a treatment plan and an ideal dose for your treatment goals.

Titrating and microdosing medical cannabis

What is titration? 

Titration simply refers to the process of slowly increasing your medication dosage to find the right amount of cannabis that will produce your desired therapeutic effects.

Getting to this point requires a bit of patience, especially for beginner cannabis consumers. Try and follow these steps to find your ideal dosage:

How to find your ideal dosage

1. Start low and go slow

When you are prescribed a medical cannabis treatment, your doctor should discuss your starting dose range with you. Always start with a dose on the lower end of that spectrum and wait until the estimated onset time for your particular product has passed to see if you begin to feel any therapeutic benefits or side effects.

If you’re not feeling the desired effects, you can gradually increase your dose by an amount advised by your doctor until you find your ‘sweet spot,’ ensuring you stick to that dose for at least two to three days each time you increase to give your body a chance to adjust. This process of determining the minimal amount of your medicine that will give you your desired results with minimal side effects is known as titration. 

When it comes to medical cannabis, titration also involves finding the right balance between the different cannabinoids (eg. CBD and THC) in your medications, your condition and your body’s individual response. 

2. Stay consistent

Cannabinoids take time to build up their effect within your body. For best results, make sure you’re sticking to your treatment plan consistently. 

3. Less is sometimes more

Depending on your condition, when it comes to dosing medical cannabis, more is not always better. For some patients living with chronic conditions, smaller doses over a prolonged period of time may be more effective than a high dose. Ensure you’re working with your doctor to figure out what dose works best for you.

4. Pay attention to your body

Like with any medicine, your ideal dosage of medical cannabis can change over time. Whether increasing or decreasing your dosage, the important thing is to listen to your body and what it needs and to check in with your prescribing doctor regularly.

What is microdosing? 

In the cannabis world, microdosing refers to taking small, low dose amounts daily (or on most days). Many patients do this in order to reap the medical benefits of THC while avoiding its psychoactive effects of THC that can interfere with the demands of daily life. Depending on your symptoms and condition, some patients may see greater results from a lower THC dose than with medium or high doses. Microdosing should always be done with the guidance and support of your prescribing doctor.

Microdosing may be suitable for patients who want to get the medical benefits of their THC treatment without any of the impairing effects. Microdosing is not suitable for patients who drive on a daily basis, as it is illegal to drive with any amount of THC in your system in Australia. 

Microdosing may also suit certain conditions better than others. For example, a 2012 study of patients with advanced cancer who were unresponsive to opioid painkillers found that patients who received the lowest dosage of cannabinoids (CBD/THC) showed the greatest reduction in cancer pain, while those receiving higher doses actually experienced more pain.¹³ Similarly, another 2014 study of 104 incarcerated male inmates with serious mental illness found that PTSD-associated symptoms like insomnia, nightmares, general symptoms and even chronic pain were significantly improved in participants who received regular, smaller doses of the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone.¹⁴

So while high doses of cannabis may be needed to treat significant symptoms or flare-ups for certain conditions, a lower daily dose or microdose of cannabis over time may actually be more suitable for maximum safety and efficacy in some patients.

How to microdose cannabis medication

To explore microdosing your treatments, you will need to talk to your prescribing doctor and work within the dosage range they recommend for your particular treatment. If you are using cannabis regularly, your doctor may advise that you take a tolerance break before starting your microdosing regime so that you can reset your cannabinoid receptors and start at a lower dose, gradually increasing until you get the minimal noticeable effect. 

The way you microdose will also depend on the type of medical cannabis treatment you take and the method you use to take it, as well as whether you use one or a combination of medicinal cannabis treatments. Again, your doctor will be able to help you explore microdosing and find the lowest daily dose that works for you and your condition, so ensure you’re checking in with them regularly and monitoring your progress as you go.

The bottom line

There are no hard and fast rules when it comes to finding the right dose for your medical cannabis treatment, and treatment results will vary from person to person. Your best bet is to ensure you’re working with a qualified and experienced medical cannabis doctor on a treatment plan and dosing regimen that works for you. Monitor your progress, check in with your practitioner regularly and pay attention to how you’re feeling over time. With the right support, you should be able to find a dose that helps you reach your treatment goals.

Sign up as a Polln patient to discuss your options and suitability for medicinal cannabis with one of our expert cannabis clinicians or take our free eligibility quiz.

Medicinal cannabis dosing and titration FAQs

Should you stick to the recommended standard dosage?

Always follow the dosage guidelines provided to you by your doctor, unless you experience unwanted side effects and need to stop your treatment (make sure you let your doctor know if this happens to you). Your doctor will provide you with a dose range to work within for your specific treatment and needs. You should start at the low end of that range and gradually increase / titrate your dose up until you get the effects you desire. Where your ideal dose ends up sitting within the standard dose range will depend on you and your symptoms as an individual.

If you reach the high end of your dose range and still don’t experience relief from your symptoms, you should reach out to your prescribing doctor for further advice on what to do. Be careful about increasing your dose beyond your recommended dose range, as this can flood your endocannabinoid receptors and create an imbalance, leading to symptoms like anxiety and sleep issues. Instead, you should talk to your doctor about other options, including tolerance breaks (if you are already a regular cannabis user), other medical cannabis formats and delivery methods, or other treatment options altogether. 

Can you overdose on cannabis? 

You can’t overdose on cannabis in the same way that you can overdose on other drugs or pharmacological medications, such as opioids. But it is possible to have a bad reaction or experience adverse effects, especially when cannabis use is combined with other substances like alcohol. 

Cannabis compounds interact with receptors in the brain that influence things like memory, pleasure, and cognition. Unlike substances like opioids and alcohol, these molecules aren't found in areas that control breathing, meaning cannabis is unlikely to cause death on its own. Opioids can kill in high doses by binding to receptors that depress breathing, while large amounts of alcohol can similarly impair the body’s ability to control breathing. 

CBD is generally well tolerated as a cannabinoid and is non-impairing, even at high doses.¹⁵ On the other hand, the effects of THC can include the ‘high’ feeling commonly associated with cannabis, and can be impairing or sedating in some people at certain doses. Because of this, THC is more likely to cause unwanted side effects like anxiety, confusion, dizziness, slower reaction times and increased heart rate at high doses. In rare cases and at very high doses it can also cause hallucinations, panic attacks, nausea and vomiting. These adverse events are highly unlikely to occur in patients who stick to the dose recommended by their prescribing doctor.

To date, there have not been any reported deaths in teens and adults resulting solely from cannabis use or toxicity. 

What is a tolerance break?

A tolerance break (sometimes referred to as a ‘t-break’ or ‘cannabis holiday’) is when you give your body a break from your medicinal cannabis treatments for a period of time to reset your cannabinoid receptors and get the most out of your medication. We know that regular use of THC-containing cannabis medications can cause patients to develop a tolerance to the therapeutic benefits of their treatments, meaning they may stop experiencing the same results or relief that they usually would with their regular dose of medication.¹ A tolerance break helps counteract this effect by resting and resetting the receptors in your body that interact with medicinal cannabis treatmetns so you can return to your preferred dose or even lower to achieve your desired therapeutic benefits.

Understanding cannabis tolerance

When using medicinal cannabis to treat the symptoms of a medical condition, our goal is always to find the right type of treatment – including format, cannabinoid content and terpene profile – as well as the right dose to help you find relief while maintaining a sense of homeostasis or balance within your body. All of these factors vary depending on the needs of each individual patient, and what works best for you may not work for someone else’s symptoms or physiology.

As a medical cannabis patient, you may be prescribed any combination of CBD-only treatments, THC-only treatments, or combined treatments containing both CBD and THC, as well as other minor cannabinoids (such as CBG or CBN). The way these cannabinoids affect you and impact your tolerance varies depending on how they interact with your endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is the molecular system responsible for regulating and balancing many processes in the body – including immune response, communication between cells, sleep, digestion, stress, pain response and more. The ECS is made up of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids.

Let’s look at the different ways CBD and THC interact with our ECS and affect our cannabis tolerance.

CBD tolerance

Cannabidiol or CBD is one of the most abundant in a long list of cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, alongside THC. Unlike THC, CBD won’t bring on a feeling of being ‘high.’ CBD is known for its calming effects on the body, with potential therapeutic benefits ranging from relieving anxiety and depression to reducing seizures, pain, inflammation and more.

We know that the cannabinoid CBD has a narrow side effect profile.² It’s non-impairing,³ and because it works indirectly, rather than directly, with our ECS (and binds only weakly to our cannabinoid receptors) there is little risk of CBD causing an imbalance or flooding our ECS. This means that you will likely be able to maintain your ideal dose of CBD without building up a tolerance, developing unwanted side effects or needing to adjust your dose too much. If you take CBD only treatments, you may benefit from taking breaks to reset your system and help maintain the effectiveness of your treatments, if your doctor advises you to do so. There is a very low risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms during a CBD break.

THC tolerance

When it comes to THC, things work a little differently. THC is a psychoactive, intoxicating cannabinoid that acts directly upon the body’s ECS⁴ by stimulating our cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). THC’s potential therapeutic benefits range from pain and nausea relief to reducing inflammation, anxiety, insomnia and more. Because the ECS is responsible for maintaining balance and harmony in the body, the effects of THC will be dose-dependent. Meaning the correct dose of THC can help create balance, while too much THC over too long a period of time can cause an imbalance. Not only that, but research has shown that regular users of THC-containing cannabis treatments develop a tolerance to both the impairing effects, as well as the therapeutic benefits of the plant over time.This means that THC users may start to notice they are not achieving the same level of relief with their usual dose after a period of consistent use.

Thankfully, this built up tolerance is not a final, permanent state of regular cannabis consumption, but rather a temporary state of decreased sensitivity to cannabis that fluctuates depending on the pattern of cannabis use. This means that you can reset your cannabis receptors, lower your tolerance, regain your sensitivity and keep your cannabis dose within the ideal range for your needs (and your budget) by taking breaks from your treatments – with the guidance and support of your prescribing doctor.

Does tolerance mean you’re addicted?

Developing a tolerance to a substance is often associated with chemical dependence and addiction, but tolerance is not necessarily synonymous with addiction. Tolerance can occur after normal prescription drug use, recreational drug use and alcohol use. If tolerance occurs alongside more concerning signs like heavy use (i.e. beyond what is prescribed), risk-taking behaviours and neglecting responsibilities, it could indicate a more serious problem like addiction. 

Medicinal cannabis is known to have a low to moderate risk of dependence that is significantly lower than alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and prescription drugs like morphine and opioid medicines.⁵ Taking tolerance breaks can reduce the amount of THC you need to feel the therapeutic benefits of your medicine and reduce the risk of dependence. For most people, there is a low risk of withdrawal symptoms when taking a tolerance break. Talk to your prescribing doctor if you believe you are experiencing any signs or symptoms of cannabis dependence or withdrawal before or during your tolerance break.

What happens to the body during a tolerance break?

When you’ve been consuming THC for a while, your brain may decrease its cannabinoid receptors to try and rebalance itself. The constant activation of your ECS’s cannabinoid receptors by the THC can cause them to ‘downregulate’ and reduce their sensitivity to cannabis. This downregulation becomes cumulative when cannabis use is repeated before the cannabinoid receptors have fully upregulated after the last exposure to THC. 

When you take a break from THC, you’re allowing your cannabinoid receptors to adjust and balance themselves out chemically so that you can regain sensitivity to cannabis and achieve your desired therapeutic benefits without having to increase your dose and flood your cannabinoid receptors. 

What are the benefits of tolerance breaks?

Tolerance breaks can help you get the most out of your medicinal cannabis treatments in a number of ways. If you’ve developed a tolerance to the effects of your treatment, you may find that you’re needing to increase your dose of THC to high levels to find relief from your symptoms. But when you do this, you’re actually running the risk of overwhelming your endocannabinoid system. 

Phytocannabinoids – like those found in cannabis, including THC and CBD – interact with our ECS and in varying ways. THC can activate specific cannabinoid receptors to produce a psychoactive effect, which may help to relieve pain, reduce nausea and vomiting, increase appetite, improve sleep and more. While CBD interacts with our opioid, dopamine, and serotonin receptors, giving it the potential to reduce pain, depression and anxiety while boosting the immune system and helping with addiction. Because THC works so directly upon the ECS and cannabinoid receptors, using too much can actually flood these receptors, potentially leading to dysregulation within the body and unwanted side effects like insomnia, anxiety and more.

Ensuring you are not overwhelming your ECS with THC by taking a break from your treatments, rather than continually upping your dose, will help maintain balance within your body. This will allow you to continue using THC to improve ECS function and assist with pain relief, sleep, anxiety and more, rather than creating dysfunction. 

And because tolerance breaks can help you keep your dose at the ideal level you and your doctor will have decided upon without increasing to high levels, they can also help you make your medication last longer. This means less money spent on treatments, less scripts to fill and more benefits from your treatments over time.

How do I know if I need a tolerance break?

If you’re not getting the same results you usually would with your regular dose of medication, it may be time for a tolerance break. Depending on your symptoms and condition, this might mean you’ve stopped experiencing the same amount of pain relief and have had to increase your dose, or you’re finding you’re more restless at night when your medication would usually be helping you sleep. You might feel your anxiety symptoms creep up or you may need to take more of your treatment to combat nausea. Or, you might just be running out of your medication earlier than expected. Whatever it looks like for you, your medication’s reduced effectiveness may be due to your built up tolerance – and it’s likely a good time to consult with your doctor about how to combat this.

How do I take a tolerance break?

Depending on your situation as a medical cannabis patient, you may be a daily user of medicinal cannabis who relies heavily on your THC-containing treatments to manage your symptoms and go about your daily life, and the thought of taking a break from them may be daunting. Or, you might find the break to be manageable. That’s why it’s so important to consult with your prescribing doctor and work out a plan for your tolerance break – including when you will take your tolerance break, how long you will take it for, how you can manage your symptoms during that time and how to resume your THC treatment at the end of your break.

Essentially, you will choose a start and end date for your break, and during that time you won’t consume any medicinal cannabis treatments. 

How long should a tolerance break be?

There is no universal ideal timeframe for taking tolerance breaks, though it is generally accepted that a tolerance break should be at least 48 hours long to give your cannabinoid receptors enough time to start to reset. For long-time users who want a true reset and for THC to leave the system entirely, some patients take tolerance breaks ranging from a few weeks to a month to get back to optimal endocannabinoid system functioning. It all depends on your individual situation and your doctor’s advice. 

Resuming THC use after a tolerance break

When restarting your treatment at the end of your tolerance break, your doctor should provide you with a new starting dose that may be about half of your original dose so you can titrate up slowly to find your new ideal dose. If your new dose is the same or even lower than your original dose and you are achieving your desired therapeutic results, then your tolerance break was likely effective. In some circumstances, your doctor may prescribe a new type of medicinal cannabis treatment with varying cannabinoid ratios and terpene blends for you to try at the end of your tolerance break. This can help your receptors kick back in to get the most out of your medicinal cannabis treatments.

If you’re not already, it might also be a good idea to start taking a small amount of CBD alongside your THC treatments, or to start taking a full spectrum cannabis medicine which contains THC, CBD and a range of other beneficial cannabinoids and properties. CBD may help to mitigate or reduce the undesired effects of THC, and full spectrum medicine containing both cannabinoids can help to keep your dose of THC down thanks to the synergistic effect cannabinoids and terpenes have on the ECS. Talk to your doctor to find out if these treatments might be right for you.

Regulating your ECS during your tolerance break

The phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant– like THC and CBD – are just some of a number of natural tools we can use to strengthen our endocannabinoid system and help our body achieve a sense of homeostasis (balance). When taking a break from THC-containing treatments, there are some things you might like to try to support your ECS and help manage your symptoms: 

• Consume Omega-3 fatty acids and vegetables high in vitamin C 
• If you are able, try to get some exercise, as it has been shown to increase endocannabinoids⁶ to help maintain homeostasis within the body. 
• Because prolonged periods of stress can contribute to the impaired development of new endocannabinoid receptors, and increased amounts of the stress hormone cortisol interfere with the function of our CB1 receptors, reducing stress is also a good way to regulate the ECS.⁷ If you were using THC to help manage stress, talk to your doctor about other ways to manage your stress during your tolerance break.
• Try to lower your alcohol intake.⁸

Not all of these tools will be achievable or effective for patients with severe symptoms. Talk to your doctor about ways to manage your symptoms and regulate your ECS during your tolerance break.

How to correct sleep during your tolerance break

In addition to looking after your ECS during your tolerance break to help minimise your symptoms, you may want to pay attention to how your tolerance break affects your sleep. Many patients use medicinal cannabis treatments to help with sleep issues, and you may find that abstaining from cannabis makes it difficult to wind down at night. If this happens to you, you might like to try the following tips:

• Try and do some physical activity during the day to help regulate your sleep-wake cycle and improve overall cognitive function and sleep quality
• Try to limit your caffeine intake, particularly in the afternoon and evening
• Stick to a sleep schedule where you try to wake up and fall asleep at the same time each day
• Limit screen time before bed
• Don’t go to bed feeling too full and try to eat dinner several hours before you go to bed
• Find ways to regulate stress and anxious thoughts that may be keeping you up at night
• Try herbal teas (like chamomile) or supplements (like passionflower and lavender) which can help with sleep

If you’re worried about how your tolerance break might affect your sleep, it’s a good idea to talk to your prescribing doctor about lifestyle, medicinal or herbal alternatives for sleep that you can rely on during your break from medicinal cannabis.

Navigating tolerance breaks with your Polln doctor

If you find your current dose of THC-containing cannabis medication is not as effective at relieving your symptoms as it usually is, it might be time for a tolerance break. As a Polln patient, the best place to go for guidance is your Polln doctor. Book a follow up consultation via your patient dashboard to talk to your doctor about what you’re experiencing, how the effects of your medication have changed and why a tolerance break might be right for you at this time. 

Your doctor will help you develop a plan of action for your break – including the duration, when to take it, how to manage your symptoms and how to restart your THC treatment once you’ve finished. With your doctor’s guidance, you should be able to return to your ideal dose of medical cannabis treatment to get your desired results, and together you can make any required adjustments to your treatment plan so that you can get the relief you need from your treatments.

Not a Polln patient yet? Sign up today or take our free eligibility quiz to see if medicinal cannabis might be right for you.

What is the endocannabinoid system?

Each of us – whether we consume cannabis (aka marijuana) or not – has an endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a molecular system made up of a vast network of chemical signals and cellular receptors located throughout our brain and body. These help regulate and balance many processes in the body – including immune responses, communication between cells, sleep, pain, appetite, hormone levels, metabolism, memory, and more. 

The endocannabinoid system is made up of:

1. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids)
2. Cannabinoid receptors
3. Enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids (we’ll unpack all of these terms below!)

Unlike the nervous system or cardiovascular system, the endocannabinoid system is not an isolated structural system located in a specific region of the body. Instead, the ECS is a receptor system broadly distributed throughout the body which is acted upon by cannabinoids and enzymes. Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors can be found throughout the brain, organs, connective tissues, glands, and immune cells.

Let’s unpack the endocannabinoid system further.

What is the role of the endocannabinoid system?

The ECS plays a vital role in our central nervous system and immune systems. Researchers have linked the endocannabinoid system to at least 15 internal processes in the body.¹

These include:

• appetite and digestion
• bone remodelling and growth
• cardiovascular system function
• chronic pain
• inflammation and other immune responses
• learning and memory
• liver function
• metabolism
• mood
• motor control
• muscle formation
• reproductive system function
• skin and nerve function
• sleep
• stress

All of these functions contribute to the stability and balance of your internal environment. The role of the endocannabinoid system is to ensure that when external force – such as an injury, illness or stressor – throws the body off balance, your ECS can kick in to help return your body to a state of homeostasis.  

The endocannabinoid system is made up of those three core components mentioned above: endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and enzymes. Each of these components play an important role in helping our internal functions run smoothly, and are constantly working together to keep a wide range of bodily processes in balance. Let’s look at each component individually:

1. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) 

Endocannabinoids are naturally occurring molecules found in the body. They exist to mediate our normal physiological functions, and appear to have evolved in the brain to maintain biological harmony while also playing a role in neuronal plasticity (how the brain adapts to change).

The two major endocannabinoids that have been discovered are:

• Anandamide (AEA) (ananda is the Sanskrit word for bliss)
• 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)

Both of these endocannabinoids help our internal functions run smoothly, and a healthy human body produces them as needed. When there is a deficiency or imbalance in our endocannabinoid production, then we may need to look at external ways to upregulate our endocannabinoid system (more on this below).

Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) are not to be confused with Phytocannabinoids which are found in plants. Phytocannabinoids naturally occur in a range of plant species, but are most commonly associated with the cannabis plant. You’ve probably heard of the popular cannabinoids, CBD and THC, however there are hundreds of cannabinoids. 

2. Cannabinoid receptors

Cannabinoid receptors are found on the surface of cells throughout the body. When endocannabinoids bind to these receptors, this signals to the ECS to kick-start a response.  Researchers have identified two primary cannabinoid receptors within the body:¹ 

• CB1 receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1) – predominantly found in the central nervous system, brain, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs. CB1 receptors can also be considered a THC receptor due to the way THC directly binds to CB1 receptors (more about this later).
• CB2 receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 2) – predominantly found in the immune system, specifically within organs and cells responsible for some sort of response.

Many tissues contain both CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors, and each is linked to a different action. Both endocannabinoids (like Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)) and phytocannabinoids (like THC and CBD) interact with our two primary cannabinoid receptors to produce varying effects on the mind and body. More about how cannabis interacts with our CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors below.

3. Enzymes

Enzymes are molecules that accelerate chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes in the ECS are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids.² This means that certain enzymes will help produce endocannabinoids on demand, and once they have carried out their functions in the body, other enzymes will then just as quickly break the endocannabinoids down again.

There are two main enzymes responsible for this:

• fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) – which breaks down the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA)
• monoacylglycerol acid lipase (MAGL) – which typically breaks down the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)

Modulation of these two enzymes can up-regulate or down-regulate the endocannabinoid system by increasing or decreasing endocannabinoid levels within the body.

How does the endocannabinoid system work?

The endocannabinoid system works by relying on each of its components – endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and enzymes – to create balance within the body. 

A typical endocannabinoid system function works when the body’s naturally produced endocannabinoids (which are present in various organs and tissues) become active by binding with a cannabinoid receptor (also located all throughout the body) to regulate a bodily function, such as digestion or sleep. Essentially, when a system or function in the body is out of balance, receptors bind to cannabinoids to help correct the problem. Once the endocannabinoid system brings the body back into balance, enzymes will break down the cannabinoids to prevent overcorrecting the problem.

Let’s look at an example: if your body is experiencing pain, then a signal may be sent to enzymes to synthesise (produce) the endocannabinoid 2-AG. The 2-AG may then bind with and activate the CB1 receptors and/or the CB2 receptors³ to relieve the sensation of pain⁴ without interrupting other important bodily functions, such as temperature regulation, digestion and more. Once the body has been brought back into balance, the enzyme MAGL will then rapidly degrade the endocannabinoid 2-AG to avoid overcorrecting the problem and creating an imbalance in the body. It is this process that helps other functions of the body run smoothly even when the body is experiencing disruptions such as pain, inflammation or a fever.

When it comes to conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, or inflammatory diseases where the endocannabinoid system has not managed to bring the body back into balance and reduce symptoms, then it may be worth investigating whether an endocannabinoid deficiency or ECS dysregulation is contributing to these symptoms and looking at ways to upregulate the ECS to provide relief (more on this below).

How does cannabis interact with the endocannabinoid system?

There are hundreds of cannabinoids found in cannabis. The most popular and well-known are CBD and THC, followed by CBN, CBC and CBG. Because these phytocannabinoids have a similar chemical structure to our endocannabinoids, they have the potential to aid internal processes and mediate physiological functions when taken correctly and responsibly – especially under the guidance of a prescribing doctor. 

Phytocannabinoids like THC, CBD and CBN interact with our endocannabinoid system in varying ways:

THC and the endocannabinoid system

THC has been shown to work directly with the ECS by activating the CB1 receptors in the brain, producing a psychoactive effect. This may help relieve symptoms of pain, reduce nausea and vomiting, increase appetite, improve sleep, and more in some patients. It’s important to note that because THC works so directly upon the endocannabinoid system via the CB1 receptor, using too much THC can actually flood the CB1 receptors, potentially leading to increased anxiety, impaired memory and slow reaction times. This is why it’s so valuable to undergo cannabis treatment with the support of a prescribing doctor who can tailor a cannabis treatment plan to your exact needs, symptoms and individual circumstances. Learn more about THC tolerance and how THC interacts with the endocannabinoid system by heading to our Tolerance Breaks article.

CBD and the endocannabinoid system

CBD works indirectly with the ECS to interact with our opioid, dopamine, and serotonin receptors, giving it the potential to reduce pain, depression and anxiety while boosting the immune system and helping with addiction. CBD is more likely to bind to the CB2 receptor, but it does not bind to the CB1 receptor like THC does. Because the stimulation of the CB1 receptors is what causes the ‘high’ associated with cannabis (an unwanted side effect for some), CBD taken without THC does not cause this effect. CBD may also work by preventing endocannabinoids from being broken down, allowing them to have a greater effect on your body. For example, CBD has been found to inhibit the activity of the fatty acid amide hydrolase enzyme,⁵ which breaks down the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Because anandamide levels play a key role in memory, mood, appetite, sleep, and pain relief, CBD’s inhibition of the enzyme that breaks it down may aid these functions while stimulating a sense of happiness and mental wellness.

CBN and the endocannabinoid system

One of the lesser known (but no less important) cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant is CBN, short for ‘cannabinol.’ CBN is known to have anticonvulsant, sedative, and other pharmacological activities⁶ that are still being explored. CBN is created during the breakdown of the psychoactive cannabinoid THC.

Like THC, CBN also binds to the CB1 receptor, but at a much lower strength than THC.⁷ This technically makes it a psychoactive compound, but it doesn’t produce much of a ‘high’ sensation that some patients may experience with THC. CBN has a stronger affinity towards the CB2 receptors, which are mostly associated with immune system regulation.⁷

What about endocannabinoid deficiency? 

Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency⁸ (CECD) is a term coined by neuropharmacologist Dr Ethan Russo in the early 2000s in an attempt to explain the potential therapeutic effects of cannabis in treating certain treatment-resistant conditions. The theory suggests that a low functioning endocannabinoid system – which may look like low endocannabinoid levels, an overabundance of metabolic enzymes or some other ECS dysfunction – could contribute to the development of certain chronic conditions such as:

• Irritable bowel syndrome⁹
• Fibromyalgia⁹
• Chronic migraines⁹
• Endometriosis¹⁰
• Anxiety¹¹
• Depression¹²
• PTSD¹³
• Autism spectrum disorder¹⁴

A 2016 article reviewing over 10 years of research on the endocannabinoid system and its relationship with IBS, fibromyalgia and chronic migraines, suggests that endocannabinoid deficiency may explain why some people develop some of these conditions.⁹ However, much more research is needed before we can come to a definitive conclusion.

Possible signs of endocannabinoid deficiency:

If you develop issues with sleep, chronic pain, menstrual pain, unmanageable stress, IBS symptoms, migraine, depression or any other issues relating to bodily functions that are regulated by the endocannabinoid system, this may be a sign of endocannabinoid deficiency or dysregulation. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cause of CECD and the concept is still very much a theory which requires more robust research to be better understood. If you’re ever unsure, always speak with a qualified healthcare professional about your conditions and symptoms.

Is medicinal cannabis right for me and my condition/s?

If you have a chronic condition with symptoms that are resistant to other types of treatment, such as pain or anxiety, you may want to explore medicinal cannabis as a potential treatment option with a prescribing doctor. Medicinal cannabis may be beneficial for patients who have some kind of endocannabinoid dysfunction, which has been seen in endometriosis patients, fibromyalgia patients and more.

Medicinal cannabis is legal in Australia with a valid prescription. To be eligible for medicinal cannabis, you’ll need to:

1. Have a chronic condition with symptoms lasting 3 months or more, and
2. Have tried other conventional treatments which were ineffective or caused you unwanted side effects.

Take our free eligibility quiz to see if you might be eligible for medical cannabis access.

Ultimately it will be up to a prescribing doctor to determine whether cannabis may be right for you and your condition. A cannabis clinician with experience in cannabinoid medicines is your best bet for getting specialised advice and a treatment plan that meets your therapeutic needs. An experienced cannabis clinician should be able to determine which cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds would benefit you and your symptoms, as well as your ideal type of cannabis treatment, the method you use to take it and at what dose.

6 ways to balance your endocannabinoid system

There are a number of ways we can naturally regulate our endocannabinoid system to achieve balance in the body and treat potential endocannabinoid deficiencies. Some of these methods include:

1. Eating more omega-3 fatty acids: fatty acid precursors – like those found in omega-3 – are known to produce endocannabinoids.¹⁵ Try consuming omega-3 rich foods like wild-caught fish, nuts and seeds and pasture-raised eggs.
2. Diversifying your gut microbiome: eating a wide range of fruits and vegetables (all of which contain microbacteria feeding prebiotics) can boost endocannabinoid levels.¹⁶
3. Trying terpenes: terpenes are the aromatic compounds found in plants – including cannabis. The terpene Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) which is found not only in cannabis but in basil, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and more activates the CB2 receptor¹⁷ and has anti-inflammatory, anxiety and pain reducing and neuroprotective effects.
4. Moving your body: exercise has been shown to increase endocannabinoids¹⁸ to help maintain homeostasis within the body, with moderate aerobic activity¹⁹ having a greater benefit than light or intense exercise. Importantly, the exercise should be something you enjoy and take pleasure in to really benefit your endocannabinoid system.  
5. Reducing stress: prolonged periods of stress can impair the development of new cannabinoid receptors, and increased amounts of the stress hormone cortisol interfere with the function of our CB1 cannabinoid receptors, finding ways to reduce stress is another good way to regulate the ECS.²⁰
6. Consuming cannabinoids: When there is a potential endocannabinoid deficiency,⁹ or a condition like chronic pain that is resistant to standard treatments (such as medications, therapies and lifestyle changes), phytocannabinoids in medicinal cannabis treatments can potentially help boost our endocannabinoid system function.

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The bottom line

Although there is still much research to be done, studies to date strongly suggest that the endocannabinoid system plays a vital role in our central nervous system and immune systems. This means that maintaining a balanced and functioning endocannabinoid system is essential for good health. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, stress reduction techniques and herbal medicines can be used to help upregulate the endocannabinoid system and drive a range of health benefits, while cannabinoids like THC and CBD can be useful in helping to correct potential endocannabinoid deficiencies where other treatments have failed.

At Polln, all of our doctors are experts in cannabinoid medicines who understand the therapeutic implications of medicinal cannabis. They can determine your suitability for medical cannabis and tailor a treatment plan with your individual needs, symptoms and potential endocannabinoid deficiencies in mind.

To talk to an expert in medicinal cannabis, sign up as a Polln patient today.‍

What is CBD oil?

CBD oil, also referred to as cannabis oil or medicinal cannabis oil, is derived from the cannabis plant. The ‘CBD’ in CBD oil stands for cannabidiol, which is a natural cannabinoid found in the plant.

Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds found in cannabis, alongside terpenes (plant compounds responsible for aromas and flavours), flavonoids (plant compounds associated with various health benefits), fatty acids, and other materials.

CBD oil contains high levels of CBD and can vary in levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the cannabinoid that produces a high because of its psychoactive properties, and other cannabinoids or compounds. There are 3 different types of CBD oil:

• CBD Isolate
• Full Spectrum CBD
• Broad Spectrum CBD

With so many CBD oil products now available in Australia, it can be confusing to differentiate between them. Often, the blanket term ‘CBD oil’ is used to refer to all of these products, which can make it hard to find the exact medical cannabis products you’re after.

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What are the different types of CBD oils?

People tend to use the term CBD oil to refer to medical cannabis oils in general, which isn’t entirely accurate. It’s important to make a distinction between the different types of CBD oils, as they all serve different functions.

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CBD Isolate

CBD Isolate is the purest form of CBD. It doesn’t contain any of the other cannabinoids (such as THC) present in the cannabis plant, or terpenes, flavonoids, and fatty acids. As CBD Isolate only contains CBD, it is often well tolerated by most patients with very few adverse effects¹.

CBD Isolate is produced using the same extraction methods of other types of CBD oils, the only difference is that it goes through a final process called winterisation. During winterisation, the oil is dissolved in ethanol at sub-zero temperatures, which separates the compounds to allow them to be filtered off. What is left is pure CBD Isolate. 

Full Spectrum CBD

Full Spectrum CBD uses the entire plant extract and contains the complete range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds that are found naturally in the plant. This includes trace amounts of THC (less than 0.3%), which is unlikely to produce any psychoactive effects. This is important to note if you ever need to drive (learn more about driving and medicinal cannabis here.)

It has been found that the complete assortment of compounds found in Full Spectrum CBD can help achieve better medicinal and therapeutic outcomes than CBD alone – this is known as the entourage effect. 

Broad Spectrum CBD

Broad Spectrum CBD sits somewhere between Full Spectrum and CBD Isolate. It is essentially the same as Full Spectrum CBD, however in the final stages of extraction, it has had trace amounts of THC removed. This means patients who are prescribed Broad Spectrum CBD can reap the benefits of having a range of cannabinoids, terpenes and other compounds (aka the ‘entourage effect’) without feeling the psychoactive effects of THC and are able to drive (learn more about driving as a medical cannabis patient in Australia).   

Both Full Spectrum CBD and Broad Spectrum CBD contain cannabinoids other than just CBD. Technically speaking, this means they’re more than just 'CBD oils', however they still fall under this definition in the realm of medical cannabis.

How is CBD oil different from medicinal cannabis flower?

Medicinal cannabis flower is the flower of the female cannabis plant that has been harvested. Unlike CBD oil, flower is unprocessed and less manufactured.

CBD oil is usually consumed either sublingually (under the tongue) or orally. Oral or sublingual medicinal cannabis products have been shown to be better for chronic conditions, and ongoing pain that needs to be treated over a longer period of time². This is because the cannabinoids are absorbed by the body slower, with effects that last longer.   

The recommended method of consumption for cannabis flower is inhalation using a TGA-approved medical vape. Inhalation allows the cannabinoids to absorb directly into the bloodstream from the lungs, making it the ideal method for patients who require rapid relief for short-term pain or conditions².

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CBD oil, hemp oil, and hemp seed oil: what’s the difference?

The terms CBD oil and hemp oil are sometimes used interchangeably, but to be clear, we use the term CBD oil in Australia when referring to medical cannabis oil. Some people mistakenly buy hemp oil thinking it is high in CBD, but it is not.

Hemp oil is made from hemp plants that have very low concentrations of cannabinoids. CBD oil comes from cannabis plants that have large, cannabinoid-containing flowers³. The only way to get oil that is high in CBD is to get a prescription for CBD oil (learn more about accessing medicinal cannabis here). 

Hemp seed oil is a different thing entirely from both hemp oil and CBD oil. Hemp seed oil is produced through cold pressing hemp seeds, is consumed for its vitamins and antioxidants, and contains no traceable amount of cannabinoids. 

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How is CBD oil made?

CBD oil is made by extracting CBD from cannabis plants. The way that CBD oil is extracted can have an effect on the final product that is created, changing everything from its purity to its therapeutic and health benefits. 

There are a few ways that CBD is extracted from plants. These include:

• CO2 extraction - This method of extraction is one of the safest and commonly used ways to extract CBD. There are two types of CO2 extraction: supercritical and subcritical. Supercritical is the most popular and involves using heated and pressurised carbon dioxide to extract phytocompounds (like cannabinoids and terpenes) from the raw cannabis plant to create the oil.
• Liquid solvent extraction - This method of extraction uses a liquid solvent, like alcohol, to soak the plant and extract the cannabinoids. The resulting liquid is evaporated and then heated, creating an oil form of the cannabinoid concentrate. 
• Oil extraction - This method of extraction involves using a carrier oil – like olive oil, coconut oil, or melted butter – to absorb the cannabinoids from the plant. The plant is heated to a certain temperature to activate its compounds, where it’s then mixed with the oil and heated again for a number of hours. 

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What are the potential benefits of using CBD oil?

Before going into detail about the potential benefits of using CBD oil (CBD Isolate, Broad Spectrum CBD, and Full Spectrum CBD), it’s important to understand how CBD oil works with our bodies.

One of the main systems for regulating processes and biological changes in our body is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system is made up of three key parts: endocannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes. 

Our bodies naturally create endocannabinoids, which travel and bind to the many receptors available to help regulate us when our natural state of being – called homeostasis – is disrupted. 

There are two main types of receptors in our bodies. CB1 receptors are found in the central nervous system, and CB2 receptors are found in the peripheral nervous system. After an endocannabinoid binds to a receptor and carries out its function, enzymes break it down.

The effect that occurs after an endocannabinoid binds to a receptor depends on the type of receptor, and which endocannabinoid it binds to. CBD is unique because it doesn’t interact directly with our receptors. Instead, experts believe⁴ it works by slowing down the decomposition of endocannabinoids, which means our bodies can feel their effects for longer. THC and other cannabinoids can bind to both CB1 and CB2 receptors, which produces a range of different outcomes when it comes to their potential therapeutic and health benefits⁵. 

Because of how they interact with our endocannabinoid system, CBD oils may be able to help our bodies manage inflammation and disruptions to our nervous system more efficiently. Because of this, some potential benefits of medical cannabis in some patients may include:

Mood regulation

Various studies have found that CBD oil may help relieve symptoms of anxiety and other mood disorders in some patients, including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, when administered acutely⁶.

This 2020 study⁷ into the antidepressant and antipsychotic effects of CBD found that CBD oil may interact with serotonin receptors in the brain in such a way that it can assist with regulating the mood of some patients and treating depression, though more research is needed in this space. 

Insomnia and sleep disorders

Given how CBD interacts with the central nervous system, it may help with improving sleep quality by helping relieve symptoms of anxiety disorders, which tend to be related⁹. In a study¹⁰ of 24 participants over two weeks, participants reported an improvement in the time taken to fall asleep, time spent asleep, and feelings of being more rested and refreshed on waking.

Inflammatory pain

Although chronic pain is one of the top reasons for medical cannabis prescriptions in Australia, there is still a lot more research that needs to be done. A study led by the Australian Government Department of Health found that medical cannabis was more likely than a placebo to produce 30% and 50% reductions in pain scores in patients with chronic pain due to conditions like multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia, and more likely than a placebo to produce a significantly greater reduction in pain intensity ratings¹¹. 

Though there have been a fair few studies done on the pain relieving effects of medicinal cannabis, more research needs to be conducted to reach a conclusive decision about the validity of it¹².

How do I consume CBD oil?

The best way to take CBD oil is to drop the oil under your tongue (sublingually). This allows the oil to absorb faster into our bloodstream through your sublingual glands, which are found under your tongue. This is different to ingesting CBD oil, which goes through your gastrointestinal system and can take much longer to be absorbed by your body.

While CBD oil is typically used for long-term relief, cannabis flower may be used as an optional additional potential treatment for breakthrough pain or for patients who need more rapid relief.

When it comes to consuming all types of medical cannabis treatments, it’s important to start low and go slow and always follow the appropriate dosing prescribed by your healthcare professional so you minimise any potential negative side effects.

How can I buy CBD oil legally in Australia? 

At the time of writing this, you can only legally buy CBD oil in Australia with a prescription (learn more about medicinal cannabis access in Australia here). There are two main methods of acquiring a prescription.

1. Special Access Scheme (SAS)

You can speak with your current doctor or healthcare professional who has a comprehensive understanding of your medical history. They will review your request and submit your diagnosis to the TGA, alongside a clinical justification for the prescription, any supporting evidence and details on how you will be monitored throughout your treatment. Unfortunately, many GPs aren’t well informed or prepared to go through this process with patients, so this pathway might not always be accessible. If you are unsure whether your current GP can help you access medical cannabis, you can make an appointment to speak with one of our expert Polln practitioners who are experienced in prescribing medical cannabis treatments.‍

2. Authorised Prescriber

‍You can speak with an Authorised Prescriber (AP), who is a specialist doctor that has already received authority from the TGA to write prescriptions for medicinal cannabis. These practitioners don’t need to apply for approval from the TGA for individual patient prescriptions as they are pre-approved. One of the benefits of taking this pathway is that APs are experts in prescribing medicinal cannabis and can write prescriptions as soon as they have assessed your eligibility – this means you’ll experience none of the wait time associated with the SAS pathway. An issue that arises when considering this route is that it’s not always easy to know if there is an AP located near you. At Polln, we’re breaking down this barrier by working with APs who know how to support patients through their journey with medicinal cannabis.

You may have heard that CBD oil has been approved for over-the-counter (OTC) use, however, you can’t actually purchase CBD products without a prescription in Australia¹³. This is because so far no specific products have been approved for the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), which is a requirement for OTC sales in Australia. 

Can I purchase CBD oil online?

You may notice many online stores are now selling unregulated CBD oil products to ‘cash in’ on the rise in popularity of CBD oil. It’s important to understand that if you purchase nonprescription CBD products online that actually contain CBD, this is technically illegal in Australia, and comes with quite a large risk. The alternative is you’re buying CBD oil that doesn't actually contain CBD, which is just as bad. 

Because CBD oil and other medicinal cannabis products are prescription medicines they need to follow strict protocols during manufacturing, to make sure the end product is consistently produced. These same protocols aren’t implemented with black market products, and regulating them is practically impossible. There are limited quality control measures, and as a result, the end product could contain dangerous byproducts and contaminants. If you’re thinking of buying CBD oil online, it’s important to keep in mind that such a product has not been approved by the TGA. Learn more about legal vs. illegal cannabis in Australia here.

As with any treatment, the best way to ensure you’re getting what you need in terms of quality and effectiveness is to speak with a qualified specialist doctor. Sign up as a Polln patient to discuss your options and suitability for medicinal cannabis with one of our expert cannabis clinicians.

What is vaping?

Vaping is the process of heating cannabis flower or extract at a high temperature without burning it, allowing cannabinoids and terpenes to be released in the form of a vapour, which is then inhaled. 

Vaping is one of two inhalation methods for consuming cannabis flower, alongside smoking. In medicinal contexts, vaping is preferable to smoking because it reduces the amount of undesired hydrocarbons being absorbed into the body while also alleviating the need for tobacco, which can lead to addiction and other serious health issues. Vaping also allows for a more precise dose to meet the therapeutic needs of a patient, given that less of the THC dose is lost in side stream/combustion.

As of 2022, flower has become the second most approved form of medicinal cannabis (also referred to as ‘medical marijuana’ – learn about the history and implications of this term here) product in Australia.¹ This implies that a large number of patients are using an inhalation method to consume their cannabis medication.

Inhalation delivery methods, like vaping, allow cannabinoids to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the lungs, making this the preferred method for patients who require rapid relief of symptoms.

How do you vaporise medical cannabis?

To vaporise cannabis, you’ll need a device known as a vaporiser (or vape). While a vaporiser can include any device that releases a particular substance in the form of vapour, doctors will generally recommend a medical-grade dry herb vaporiser for use with medicinal cannabis. Dry herb vapes allow you to vape cannabis flower without burning it so that the plant’s oils can be released as a vapour. With a dry herb vape, the patient receives only the bioactive cannabis compounds needed to experience the medicinal benefits of cannabis – and none of the chemicals or additives that might be found in some other types of commercially available vapes, such as vape pens and cartridges.

When using a dry herb vaporiser, you can also vaporise your prescribed cannabis flower at the optimal temperatures for cannabinoid and terpene activation by using the vaporiser’s temperature setting. This makes it easy to control your experience by adjusting the temperature of your vaporiser to the boiling points of terpenes and other compounds within your cannabis flower to achieve desired benefits.

As always, you should follow the specific instructions for your vaporiser as well as your doctor’s advice for using your vaporiser and treatment and only use your medication as prescribed.

Is it legal to vape medicinal cannabis in public?

It is legal to vape medicinal cannabis in public smoking areas. There are no laws which prohibit the use of medical-grade vaporisers for consuming legally prescribed medicinal cannabis treatments as long as you are in a public smoking area and are not causing a disturbance to others in your proximity. This means that because your cannabinoid medication is a highly regulated substance prescribed to you only, you will need to ensure you are at a safe distance from others, especially children, who may inhale your medication passively. 

You should always carry your medication in its original packaging with the pharmacy label attached as well as any documentation (such as your script and/or approval letter) and identification that can verify your legal patient status if you are stopped or questioned by law enforcement. 

The patient guidance section of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) website states that cannabis flower treatments or ‘raw (botanical) cannabis’ should be ‘vaporised but not smoked’ for medicinal purposes. Therefore Polln does not recommend smoking your cannabis treatments anywhere, including in public smoking areas, as it is not supported by the TGA.

What are the benefits of vaping vs. smoking?

Vaping medicinal cannabis 

Some of the benefits of vaping medicinal cannabis flower, as opposed to smoking it, include:

• Rapid onset and fast relief – first effects occur within 90 seconds and reach a maximum after 15 to 30 minutes before wearing off after 2–4 hours. Useful for symptoms and conditions where immediate relief is required.
• Higher concentrations of active ingredients – vaporising heats the cannabis without burning it,² which maintains the concentrations and quality of the active ingredients like cannabinoids and terpenes.³
• Temperature control – patients can control the temperature of their vaporiser to achieve desired benefits based on the boiling points of their cannabis medicine’s ingredients, including cannabinoids and terpenes.
• Potential reduction in overall consumption – because of the enhanced cannabinoid and terpene uptake, reduced cravings due to no tobacco, and the ability to easily pick up and put down the vaporiser as needed, patients are more likely to stay within their therapeutic window and achieve maximum therapeutic benefits with less cannabis flower than they would need to use when smoking. This reduces the amount of medication needed and saves the patient money over time.
• Less carcinogens and safer than smoking
• Legal in public smoking areas with a prescription
• More discreet than smoking

Vaping comes with its own risks and side effects. It's important to discuss your suitability for vaping with your prescribing doctor and only use your cannabis treatments and vaporiser as advised.

Smoking medicinal cannabis

Although smoking is the most common route of administration for non-medical cannabis use, it is not recommended for medical cannabis patients due to the health risks and the variability and unpredictability of each individual’s response. Here are some things to consider when it comes to smoking medical cannabis treatments:

• At least 40% of the THC dose in cannabis is lost in side stream/combustion when smoked,² making it difficult to estimate the amount of THC a patient is receiving.
• Cannabis smoking, like smoking cigarettes, is associated with increased risk of cancer, lung damage, and poor pregnancy outcomes.⁴ It can also inflame and irritate your lungs.

• If you are combining cannabis and tobacco for smoking, you are increasing your risk of many health conditions and diseases including cancer, heart disease and chronic respiratory conditions.⁵
• Not supported by the TGA.
• Less discreet than vaping, and is not supported as a delivery method in public smoking areas – even with a valid prescription.
• Smoking cannabis with tobacco is more likely to lead to addiction and dependence, which can cause patients to use more cannabis than required. This is primarily due to nicotine – the addictive substance found in tobacco – and not the cannabis itself. 
• You may need to use more of your cannabis treatment to achieve the same results as you would with vaporising, due to cannabinoids and active ingredients being lost in combustion. This increases the costs of your medication over time. 

Overall, vaporising cannabis results in similar rapid absorption and high blood concentrations as smoking it, but produces fewer toxins, poses less health risks (when a high quality dry herb vaporiser is used), is more cost-effective over time and leads to greater therapeutic outcomes.

Always follow the advice of your doctor when it comes to how you administer your cannabis medication and only use your treatments and devices as advised.

Is vaping safe?

Although vaping cannabis – particularly with a TGA approved vaporiser – is known to be safer than smoking, it can still come with health risks. In comparison with smoking, vaporisation has been shown to produce the purest stream of cannabinoids and terpenes while containing less than 1/1000th the hazardous substances associated with combustion.⁶ But not all vaping devices are created equal.

The negative health risks associated with vaping, which include lung injuries, headaches, heart issues and more, are often related to the use of illegally manufactured vape products⁷ and vape products with chemical profiles that are closer to that of e-liquids. Illegally manufactured or modified vape products and vape products containing harmful chemicals such as vitamin E acetate significantly increase your risk of damaging your lungs. While harmful by-products, including microbial contaminants, harmful chemicals, carcinogens, and addictive substances like dextromethorphan, are often found in black market cannabis oils, unapproved vape pens, cartridges and e-liquids. Vaporiser injuries from unapproved vapes can also range from burns to accidental liquid ingestion and a lung disease known as 'popcorn lung.'

To be safe and effective, prescribed cannabis flower should be vaporised using a TGA-approved dry-herb vaporiser within the correct temperature range as advised by your prescribing doctor.

What are the ideal cannabis vape temperatures?

Knowing the different boiling points of the various cannabinoids, terpenes and other properties within your cannabis flower will help you adjust your vape temperature for the safest and most beneficial experience. Set your vape temperature too low, and you run the risk of missing out on the potency and unique flavours of your cannabis flower, as certain compounds will not have reached the minimum temperature required for them to activate. Similarly, if you set your vape temperature too high – especially at temperatures higher than 230°C – you run the risk of inhaling more toxic compounds and degrading the active ingredients in your cannabis so that they are no longer beneficial to your health.

The optimal temperature range of vaping cannabis is between 180–210°C – but there is room for experimentation within this temperature range to find what works best for you and the ingredients in your flower. While cannabinoids like THC and CBD will ‘activate’ or ‘evaporate’ at lower temperatures within this range, terpenes like linalool or limonene have a higher boiling point, meaning they activate at higher temperatures within that optimal range. So if you’re looking to reap the benefits of specific compounds within your cannabis, you might like to investigate the boiling points for each of those and play around with your vape temperature, with the support of your prescribing doctor.

Polln recommends: Storz & Bickel

Storz & Bickel, owned by Canopy Growth Corporation, are currently the first and only TGA-approved medical vaporisers available in Australia to be used with cannabinoid medicines. These devices are included in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) (ARTG Identifier 319028) and are available for purchase at Shop Polln.

The MIGHTY MEDIC and MIGHTY+ MEDIC are intended to be used with dried cannabis flower. They are battery-operated and portable, allowing for dose administration at home and on the go.

The VOLCANO MEDIC can be used with dried cannabis flower or liquid cannabinoids dissolved in alcohol. It is a desktop vaporiser which can be used at home, in hospital settings and in medical practices. In one 2016 study, the VOLCANO MEDIC was one of 4 electrically-driven and temperature-controlled vaporizers that were found to “efficiently decarboxylate acidic cannabinoids and release reliably the corresponding neutral cannabinoids into the vapour,”⁸ suggesting that the device may be a safe and efficient administration of medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids. 

Browse Storz & Bickel vaporisers at Shop Polln. 

Always use your cannabinoid medicine and devices as advised by your prescribing cannabis doctor.

The bottom line

Vaping is just one of a number of delivery methods used to administer cannabis medications. It is known to be safer than smoking while providing greater control over therapeutic benefits and being more discreet and more cost-effective over time. Vaping may be beneficial for patients who require rapid relief from their symptoms, as effects can be felt within minutes. Although vaping with a TGA-approved vaporiser is legal in public smoking areas, you should always keep your medication in its original packaging with the pharmacy label attached and carry your script and identification so you can verify your patient status. And always be mindful of people around you who should not be able to inhale your medication passively.

At Polln, all of our doctors are experts in medicinal cannabis treatments who can help determine which, if any, medicinal cannabis treatment may be right for you while guiding you in the use of any required devices, such as a medical vaporiser. If you are interested in talking to a doctor about medical cannabis, you can sign up as a patient and make an appointment with one of our Polln doctors today.

Anxiety is an extremely prevalent mental health condition affecting millions of Australians daily. With symptoms ranging from excessive worry and restlessness to panic attacks and sleep disturbance, it’s no wonder so many Australians are turning to a wide range of therapies to help manage their condition.

Anxiety is among the top conditions that cannabis is prescribed to help treat in Australia.¹ In this article, we’ll break down why medicinal cannabis is becoming such a popular treatment for anxiety and how it can help reduce anxiety symptoms in some patients.

What is anxiety?

Anxiety is the body’s physical response to a real or perceived threat. Everyone experiences anxiety from time to time, it can even help us avoid danger in some real-life situations. But for some people, anxious feelings and symptoms don’t go away. They stick around even when there is no real or immediate threat to that person. Anxiety can affect concentration, sleep, relationships and the ability to carry out daily tasks. When anxiety is a problem that persists without the presence of a real or immediate threat, it is generally categorised as an anxiety disorder.

Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental health conditions in Australia and affect 1 in 4 Australians² at some stage in their life.

The common types of anxiety disorders are:

• Generalised anxiety disorder
• Social phobia or social anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Specific phobias
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

In some people, anxiety may also be linked to an underlying health issue. For some, this may mean anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. Conditions associated with anxiety can include chronic pain, IBS, drug or alcohol dependence or withdrawal, thyroid problems, heart disease and diabetes. Certain medications can also cause anxiety in some people.

What are the symptoms of anxiety?

Some of the physical symptoms of anxiety can include:

• Panic attacks
• Shortness of breath
• Heart palpitations
• Dizziness
• Excessive sweating
• Sleep issues
• Stomach issues
• Lightheadedness 
• Dizziness
• Trembling
• + more

People who have anxiety may also avoid certain situations, such as crowds or social events, and may experience constant feelings of fear, racing thoughts, difficulty concentrating and memory disturbances.

Anxiety symptoms may also vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder someone has, for example:

• Generalised anxiety disorder may cause excessive worry about a range of issues such as health, work or finances.
• Social phobia or social anxiety disorder often causes people to avoid social or performance situations for fear of being embarrassed or rejected.
• Panic disorder can cause regular panic attacks, which are sudden intense episodes of irrational fear, shortness of breath, dizziness and other physical symptoms.
• Agoraphobia leads people to avoid certain situations due to fear of having a panic attack (often associated with panic disorder).
• Specific phobias will cause anxiety symptoms in one particular situation or context, such as a fear of animals, insects, places or people. 
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) causes unwanted thoughts and impulses, causing repetitive, routine behaviours as a way of coping with anxiety.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) leads to persistent feelings of fear or avoidance that do not fade after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic life event. PTSD symptoms can include upsetting memories, hypervigilance, flashbacks, nightmares and difficulties sleeping.

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How is anxiety typically treated?

Treatments for anxiety are dependent on the patient’s needs, as well as the type and severity of anxiety being experienced. Anxiety treatment may include psychological therapy, lifestyle changes (including sleep, nutrition and exercise), meditation and mindfulness and/or medication, or any combination of those treatments.

The Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists recommends cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as the first line treatment for generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.¹⁴ Research shows that CBT is one of the most effective treatments for anxiety, and for preventing future anxiety.¹⁵ CBT treatment involves implementing strategies to change unhelpful thinking patterns and behaviours. It is generally conducted by a trained therapist over 6 sessions or more, and may be used alongside other therapy types, such as exposure therapy or interpersonal therapy.

Pharmacological treatments like antidepressants and tranquillisers are also commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of severe anxiety, panic and stress. For some, these medications can be extremely valuable and even life-saving. They can help patients go about their lives and participate in situations that their anxiety previously prevented. But for others, these treatments come with a wide range of unwanted side effects that make them intolerable. 

These can include:

Potential adverse side effects of antidepressants: 

• Sleep disturbance
• Changes in sexual function / desire
• Loss of full range of emotions
• Tremors
• Weight gain
• Constipation

‍Potential adverse side effects of long term use of tranquilisers

• Impaired learning
• Increased depression
• Memory loss
• Increased risk of dementia
• Increased risk of death (due to tranquiliser’s impact on respiratory drive in brainstem)

The range of negative side effects that standard pharmacological treatments for anxiety can elicit in some patients has led many to seek alternative medicines and options for treatment, from herbal solutions like kava, ashwagandha and lavender supplements to alternative prescriptions like medicinal cannabis.

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Can cannabis help treat anxiety?

Anxiety is the second most common condition³ that medicinal cannabis (sometimes referred to as ‘medical marijuana’, learn about the history and implications of this term here) is prescribed to treat in Australia. Both THC- and CBD-dominant cannabis treatments are prescribed to help treat symptoms of anxiety. A 2018–2019 survey⁴ of 1388 Australian respondents who were self-medicating with (mostly illicit) cannabis also found anxiety to be the most common ‘main condition’ being treated with cannabis. 

While there is conflicting information surrounding cannabis and anxiety, we know that many patients benefit from using medicinal cannabis to treat their anxiety and those that do maintain an ongoing medicinal cannabis treatment plan for anxiety do so because they prefer these treatments to standard or conventional treatments they have previously tried. 

For others, cannabis may not be an effective treatment for anxiety or it may even increase anxiety in some patients. It comes down to the individual, the type and severity of the anxiety, and the type of cannabis medication prescribed to that patient.

One rationale for the use of medicinal cannabis for treating anxiety symptoms stems from the way cannabis interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a biological system present in all humans (and nearly all animals) which regulates numerous physiological processes including mood, appetite, sleep, cognition and immune function. Our ECS and the physiological processes it regulates can be supported through a range of methods and lifestyle changes, including eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, drinking less alcohol and consuming cannabinoids. Preclinical research5 also suggests that the phytocannabinoids found in cannabis (including THC and CBD) can support the production and release of endocannabinoids which may have efficacy in treating anxiety disorders. However more clinical research is required in this area. Learn more about your endocannabinoid system.

Does CBD help with anxiety?

CBD and CBD oil treatments may help manage the symptoms of anxiety in some patients. CBD has been shown to have anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) potential in numerous studies, including a 2015 review⁶ of 49 primary preclinical, clinical, or epidemiological studies supporting CBD as a treatment for generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder when administered acutely.

This study’s preclinical evidence conclusively demonstrated CBD’s efficacy in reducing anxiety behaviours relevant to the above anxiety disorders with a notable lack of anxiogenic (anxiety causing) effects. 

In 2022, the Cannabidiol Youth Anxiety Pilot Study⁷ conducted by Orygen also found that CBD may be effective in halving the severity of symptoms and impairment caused by chronic anxiety. The study involved 31 participants aged 12–25 who were recruited from Orygen’s primary care services. The participants had a diagnosed anxiety disorder and had failed to show significant improvement in anxiety severity following at least five cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) sessions.

“Young people with treatment-resistant anxiety had an average 42.6 per cent reduction in anxiety severity and impairment following 12 weeks’ treatment with cannabidiol – a non-intoxicating component of the Cannabis sativa plant which is often referred to as CBD.”

– Orygen, 2022

Orygen’s pilot study found that CBD not only helped to reduce anxiety symptoms, but was also very well tolerated. They noted that they “did not see side-effects like suicidal thoughts, irritability or sleep problems, which are not uncommon in people taking SSRIs.”

CBD works to reduce anxiety in a number of ways. It can activate our serotonin receptors,⁸ modulate the potential anxiety-inducing effects of THC (thanks to the entourage effect) and reduce the fatty acid amide hydrolase enzyme⁹ that breaks down one of the body’s own important endocannabinoids – anandamide – which stimulates feelings of happiness and mental wellbeing. Anandamide deficiency has been shown to be a predictor of stress-induced anxiety, with decreased anandamide corresponding to increased anxiety-like behaviours.¹⁰ So CBD’s ability to prevent a decrease in anandamide levels makes it a promising treatment for anxiety disorders.

Like with any medication, the effects of CBD will vary depending on the individual and the dose taken.

Does THC help with anxiety?

Like CBD, THC has been shown to have the potential to treat anxiety, depending on the individual patient and the prescribed dosage. A 2019 analysis of 83 eligible studies¹¹ found that ‘pharmaceutical THC (with or without CBD) improved anxiety symptoms among individuals with other medical conditions (primarily chronic non-cancer pain and multiple sclerosis).’ While another 2019 review¹² of the evidence supporting the use of THC in PTSD found emerging evidence for positive effects on sleep, nightmares and global PTSD symptoms.

So while there is less evidence to support the use of THC-dominant formulations for anxiety disorders, there is stronger emerging evidence supporting its use in patients with PTSD, as well as anecdotal patient accounts of THC’s efficacy in treating anxiety symptoms.

Unlike CBD which works indirectly with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and our cannabinoid receptors, THC acts directly upon the body’s ECS¹³ by stimulating our cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Because the ECS is responsible for maintaining balance and harmony in the body, the effects of THC will be dose-dependent. Meaning the correct dose of THC can help create balance, while too much THC can cause an imbalance (and potentially increase anxiety). With the help of a prescribing cannabis doctor, therapeutic benefits for anxiety can be achieved by finding the right dose of THC for an individual patient.

It’s important to note that THC can exacerbate anxiety under some conditions and in some patients, and that there are driving restrictions for patients taking THC medications.

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Can terpenes in cannabis help with anxiety?

Terpenes are the organic, aromatic compounds found in plants in the form of oils. Essentially, they are what gives a plant its unique flavour and aroma. The cannabis plant alone contains more than 150 terpenes. But beyond just influencing the cannabis plant’s unique taste and smell, terpenes also play a significant role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis by interacting with cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds to create subtle differences in our experience.

On their own, there are a number of terpenes which can reduce anxiety, including linalool (found in lavender, rose and basil), limonene (found in lemon and citrus fruits), beta-caryophyllene (found in black pepper and cloves), myrcene (found in mango, thyme and lemongrass) and more. Each of these terpenes (and many more) can also be found in the cannabis plant. And by interacting with the range of cannabinoids and other compounds found within cannabis, terpenes can create or emphasise particular medicinal or other types of effects, opening up a world of therapeutic combinations for anxiety and many other conditions (again, thanks to the entourage effect).

Just like cannabinoids, your doctor can help you choose an appropriate cannabis treatment based on its terpene profile and the effects these terpenes may have on your specific symptoms or condition. So, if you’re interested in cannabis treatments for anxiety, we highly recommend talking to your doctor about which terpenes and medicinal cannabis formats might be best suited for you and your condition.

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Can cannabis cause or increase anxiety?

Now that we know medical cannabis has the potential to help treat anxiety in some patients, you might be wondering about some of the conflicting information you’ve seen around whether cannabis can actually cause or increase anxiety in some people.

The simple answer is: yes, cannabis has the potential to cause or increase anxiety in some patients, depending on the type and dose of cannabis administered. 

Let’s break this down into CBD and THC:

CBD → We know now that CBD is a known anxiolytic. Meaning it reduces anxiety with a lack of anxiogenic (anxiety causing) effects. CBD has a narrow side effect profile and does not cause the ‘high’ or any of the impairing effects that are typically associated with certain doses of THC. For these reasons, CBD is not a cannabinoid that is generally known to cause anxiety when taken at recommended doses (which all doctors will follow when prescribing cannabis treatments).

THC → THC is also commonly prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and has been shown to be effective for sleep, relaxation and PTSD. But because THC interacts so directly with the cannabinoid receptors within the endocannabinoid system, it has a stronger impact on the body’s ability to regulate anxiety and may even cause or increase anxiety when taken at too high a dose. With the help of a prescribing doctor, patients can mitigate these side effects by finding the correct product, strain and dose to achieve reduced anxiety levels through their medicinal cannabis treatment plan. But as with any medication or treatment plan, results will vary depending on the individual patient.  

What cannabis formats are best for anxiety?

Cannabis medicine is not a one-size-fits-all approach. This means most doctors will take a unique approach to treating each individual patient they see. Often, doctors will prescribe a combination of THC and CBD to help treat a patient with anxiety. But this will depend on individual factors such as the patient’s driving status and sensitivity to THC. 

Here are some examples of how doctors may prescribe cannabis to help treat anxiety:

Oral cannabis formats (oils, capsules, tablets, edibles): Often prescribed for ongoing anxiety and may contain just CBD or a combination of THC and CBD and other cannabis compounds such as terpenes. It’s common for doctors to prescribe a CBD only or high CBD cannabis treatment during the day to avoid impairment and then a THC/CBD treatment at night to support sleep – these are likely to be in an oil format. The effects of cannabis oils typically last longer than flower, about 6–8 hours.

Cannabis flower (for inhalation with a vaporiser): May also be prescribed for acute anxiety (such as panic attacks) due to rapid onset of effects. For individuals who are sensitive to THC, a high dose CBD flower may be prescribed. The effects of inhaled flower typically last shorter than oils, about 1–2 hours.

Exploring medical cannabis treatment options for anxiety

To be eligible for medicinal cannabis access as a patient in Australia, the TGA states that you must have a chronic medical condition (lasting 3 months or more) that conventional treatments have failed to treat and/or caused you unwanted side effects. Conventional treatments for anxiety may include any combination of psychological, pharmacological, lifestyle, herbal and other treatments that are commonly used to treat anxiety. So, if you have had chronic anxiety symptoms for 3 months or more and you are not satisfied with your current or past treatments, you may be eligible for medicinal cannabis access. 

If you are interested in exploring medical cannabis treatment options for anxiety, the first thing you’ll need to do is talk to a doctor. Our Polln practitioners are experts in medicinal cannabis who can help determine whether cannabis is a suitable treatment option for you, and which type of cannabis treatment might be right for the type of anxiety disorder you’re experiencing.

While cannabis is not a first line treatment in Australia, it is also not a last resort. Meaning you do not need to have exhausted all of your treatment options to be eligible for medicinal cannabis access. If you’re not sure whether you might be eligible, you can take our free eligibility quiz or sign up as a Polln patient to discuss your options with one of our expert doctors. 

Learn more about medicinal cannabis access in Australia.

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From the Doctor: Dr Amanda Steele, MChD

In Australia, anxiety is the second most common presentation for medicinal cannabis prescriptions³. Whenever a patient presents with symptoms of anxiety, I refer to the RANZCP Anxiety Clinical Practice Guidelines. The important questions I consider include:

• Is this anxiety? If so, how severe? 
• Is it an anxiety disorder?
• Are there comorbid disorders or differentials to consider?
• Does a referral to a psychiatrist and/or psychologist need to be considered?

If a patient presents with an anxiety disorder such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the recommended first line treatment. If symptoms are severe, an assessment by a psychiatrist for diagnostic clarification and consideration of adjunct medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (or SSRIs) to help the patient engage in CBT is recommended¹⁴. Although CBT +/- SSRIs help to achieve remission of anxiety for the majority of patients, a significant number of patients do not achieve remission of their anxiety³.

Currently as per the RANZCP guidelines, "There remains insufficient evidence to provide guidance on the use of cannabinoids for treating mental disorders within a regulatory framework."Recent meta analyses and systematic reviews looking at the therapeutic role of medicinal cannabis for mental health disorders have found that “the trial evidence to date is patchy, low quality and at high risk of bias”. There is some evidence to support the use of CBD to treat anxiety symptoms at certain doses, and the use of THC in treating PTSD symptoms.  However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of THC for treating anxiety disorders with a risk of increasing anxiety due to the psychoactive effects³. Hopefully, as more quality research on using medicinal cannabis as treatment for mental disorders becomes available, clinical guidelines can be developed to provide clinicians a framework for prescribing more safely and effectively.

Anecdotally, some patients have reported benefits with CBD and THC products to help relieve their anxiety symptoms where evidence based modalities have been ineffective. Some patients have also reported an increase in anxiety symptoms with the use of CBD and THC products, in some cases this has been strain dependent.  Although medicinal cannabis has been a useful tool for anxiety symptoms as reported by some patients, it can also be used as an avoidance tool, which will likely make the anxiety symptoms worse with time if the underlying cause of the anxiety is not treated. As such, it is recommended that appropriate therapy, such as CBT for anxiety disorders, remains the mainstay of treatment. It is also important to note that medicinal cannabis does not replace current recommended pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders e.g. SSRIs, especially if symptoms are severe or co-morbid diagnoses are present.  

Mental health conditions like anxiety can be complex diagnostically and therapeutically. Seeking advice from psychiatrists and psychologists can be extremely helpful for identifying the underlying source of the anxiety and ensuring appropriate evidenced based treatments have been considered.   

As a medicinal cannabis patient with a valid, legal prescription, you are entitled to carry your medication between all states and territories in Australia. But before you travel, there are some things to keep in mind to help you carry your medications safely and responsibly.

In this article, we’ll answer your questions about travelling as a medicinal cannabis patient in Australia.

Can I travel interstate with medicinal cannabis in Australia?

As long as you have a legal prescription from a qualified doctor or healthcare practitioner, you are allowed to travel with your prescribed medications between all states and territories in Australia. This includes all legally prescribed medication types, including oils, flower, tablets, wafers and more.

Whenever you’re travelling with your medications, you should keep them in their original packaging with the pharmacy label attached and carry a photo ID which matches the name on the label. It’s also a good idea to have your prescription handy should you need to verify your patient status. If you’re a Polln patient, these will be readily available via the ‘Documents’ and ‘Prescription’ sections of your Polln patient dashboard.

Can I fly with medical cannabis in Australia?

Yes. As a patient, you are allowed to carry your medicinal cannabis treatments onboard when flying between states in Australia. Again, just make sure your medication is in its original packaging with the pharmacy label attached and bring photo ID and any relevant scripts to support the fact that you are carrying these treatments legally.

If you’re at an airport, you may still encounter sniffer dogs or law enforcement, especially if you’re travelling with cannabis flower which may impart a stronger scent. But, as long as you have your valid prescription and proof of patient status with you, you are permitted to travel with those treatments.

Can I bring my medical cannabis in my carry-on luggage or does it need to be checked on domestic flights?

There are no specific guidelines as to whether you should carry your medication with you onto the cabin or put it in your checked luggage. You may prefer to keep your medications handy in your carry-on baggage in case you need to take them at the airport or during your flight, or if you’re worried about your luggage going missing. Or, you may be comfortable having your medications in your checked luggage. Either way, you still run the risk of being stopped or having your baggage searched, so always ensure you have documentation to support your legal patient status.

There are airline restrictions for travelling with personal vaporisers. Most airlines require these devices to be in your carry-on baggage and prohibit their use and charging during the flight. Check with your airline prior to flying to find out what their rules are for travelling with personal vaporisers.

Can I travel and/or fly with my vape in Australia?

Legally, you are allowed to carry anything that has been prescribed by your doctor for the treatment of your medical condition. While vapes are not prescribed, if you have a legal vaporiser device that has been authorised or recommended for use with your medication by your doctor, you should be okay to travel with this. 

Polln highly recommends that medicinal cannabis patients who are prescribed a flower for vaporisation use one of the devices listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), including the Volcano Medic, Mighty Medic or Mighty+ Medic by Storz & Bickel.

When it comes to flying with your vape, airlines will have specific rules and guidelines around what you can and can’t do. Most airlines require personal vaporiser devices to be in your carry-on baggage and prohibit their use and charging during the flight. Check with your airline prior to flying to find out what their rules are for travelling with personal vaporisers.

Can I consume my medication while I travel in Australia?

If you’re taking a form of medication that does not need to be vaporised, such as an oil, topical or a wafer tablet, then you can take your medication just as you would any other medication, based on your prescription and treatment plan. This means you shouldn’t encounter any issues when medicating in public, including at the airport, so long as you can verify your legal patient status if needed.

If you’re vaping in a public smoking area, you will just need to be cautious and ensure no one else is around that could inhale your medication vapour by being in proximity to you. As your medication is prescribed for you and you only, you do need to make sure it is not affecting those around you and only vape in non-crowded public smoking areas or in private.

Remember that driving with any amount of THC in your system is currently illegal in all states, except Tasmania. So if you are travelling by car or vehicle in any state except Tasmania, you will need to ensure you do not have THC in your system.

How should I store my medication while I travel in Australia?

While travelling, it’s always best to keep your medicinal cannabis treatments in their original packaging with the pharmacy label attached. This will ensure that if you are stopped or have your baggage checked, you can verify your patient status by matching your photo ID to the patient name on the pharmacy label and the medication names listed on your prescription can be aligned with those on the packaging.

As much as possible, you should try to maintain the quality and efficacy of your medication by storing your medication correctly while you travel. For cannabis flower medications, that means minimising exposure to heat, light and air. For all other medication types, that simply means following the storage guidelines on your medication label.

How much medication should I bring while travelling in Australia?

Ensure you have an adequate supply of your medication to cover you for the duration of your trip – based on your dosing and treatment plan – and take into account any delays you may experience.

If you are a Polln patient who needs to access your medication while travelling, you can easily access repeat scripts and arrange express treatment delivery to wherever you are in Australia by using your Polln patient dashboard or contacting the Care Team. You can also book and attend online consultations from wherever you are, in case you need to speak to your doctor on the go. 

Can I travel with medical cannabis internationally?

Because cannabis laws vary so much between countries and states, flying internationally with medical cannabis as a patient can be both difficult and risky. Before you leave Australia you should contact the Embassy or Consulate of the countries you intend to visit, including any countries where you will have a layover between flights, to find out what restrictions they have for travelling with cannabis medicines. Each country has its own required documentation for customs clearance when carrying medicinal cannabis, and some prohibit medical cannabis entirely.

If you will be away for an extended period of time, you should talk to your doctor about whether you will be able to access your medications should you need them while overseas. If you are unable to bring your medical cannabis treatments with you or access them while on your trip, you can also talk to your doctor about how to navigate being without your treatments for that period of time.

Travelling with medicinal cannabis in Australia checklist 

If you're travelling with medicinal cannabis as a legal patient in Australia, here are the main things to keep in mind:

• Always ensure you can access a copy of your script outlining your list of approved medications, which will have been provided to you by your doctor or clinic. Make sure you're carrying some form of ID matching the information on this letter. Polln patients can access their prescriptions at anytime by simply logging in.
• Keep your medication in its original packaging with the pharmacy label attached so that it can be identified as the medication on your script.
• Remember that while you are permitted to have your treatments with you and to travel with them, there may be restrictions on certain treatment formats or delivery methods, such as vaping in crowded public areas. 
• Remember any driving restrictions that exist for your prescribed product.
• Ensure you have an adequate supply of your medication to cover you for the duration of your trip and account for any delays you may experience so you are not left without your medication.
• If you've purchased any cannabis products via an online shop or from overseas, it is probably not legal. So, make sure that you’re only travelling with a product that you’ve obtained legally with a prescription from a healthcare professional.

Travelling within Australia as a Polln patient

If you’re a Polln patient, you'll have easy access to all of your healthcare needs, including prescriptions, online consultations, Australia-wide express treatment delivery and more, from wherever you are in Australia. So, you can rest assured that your patient documents, doctor’s guidance and medications are always just a few clicks away.

If you have repeat prescriptions on file, you can easily order your medication online through your Polln patient dashboard and we can deliver them to any address in Australia via Express Registered Post. While online consultations can easily be accessed on the go should you need to speak with your doctor or arrange new prescriptions.

We highly recommend talking to your doctor about travelling with your medications within Australia so you can travel with confidence. All Polln practitioners are experienced plant medicine prescribers who can provide guidance specific to your treatment plan and needs when it comes to travelling as a medical cannabis patient.

If you have any concerns about travelling with your prescribed medications or vaporiser, you can also contact the Care Team for further support.

To talk to a doctor, sign up as a Polln patient or book a consultation today.

As of 2022, there have been more than 248,000 scripts approved¹ for medicinal cannabis (also referred to as ‘medical marijuana’ – learn about the history and implications of this term here) since it was legalised Australia-wide in 2016. 

If you’re one of the thousands of patients living with a chronic condition in Australia who have received a medicinal cannabis prescription, it’s important you’re aware of the rules, risks and restrictions that exist if you are going to drive. Especially if you have been prescribed a medical cannabis treatment containing THC.

In this article, we’ll answer your questions about driving as a medical cannabis patient in Australia.

Should you drive while taking medicinal cannabis?

Because no two patients are the same, the question of whether or not you should drive while taking medicinal cannabis treatments will also vary from patient to patient, depending on the effects you experience while taking your treatments. Currently in Australia, it is legal for you to drive as a medical cannabis patient as long as you have no amount of the cannabinoid THC in your system. But there are a few other things to consider when deciding whether or not to drive while taking your treatments.

Any time you take your prescribed (non-THC) medicinal cannabis treatments or any other medication or legal substance that has an effect on the mind and body, you should wait until you are confident that you are safe to drive and you are not experiencing any impairment or adverse side effects before you do so. You should not drive while impaired by CBD or any substance – even if it is legal for you to have it in your system. So if you are experiencing any symptoms like dizziness, low blood pressure or drowsiness while taking your treatments, you should always consider whether it is safe for you to drive and wait until the effects have worn off and you are feeling better before you get behind the wheel.

The most important restriction to note is that it is currently illegal to drive with any amount of THC in your system in Australia (except Tasmania), even with a valid prescription. This means that if you are prescribed a medicinal cannabis product containing THC, you will need to wait until the medication has left your system before you drive. This is challenging given that the amount of time cannabis stays in your system can vary from patient to patient and is dependent on factors like the type of treatment consumed, the amount of THC in the treatment, the method used to consume it and the frequency of consumption. But under the current laws in Australia, if you take a medication containing THC and test positive for THC in a mouth swab test, you can lose your licence.

Is it legal to drive while taking CBD?

CBD-containing medical cannabis treatments that do not contain any THC are legal to have in your system while you drive. You should always know which cannabinoids are in the cannabis treatments you are prescribed and understand the driving restrictions that exist for those treatments as well as the effects you experience when you take them. Some CBD treatments – like CBD oils – do contain THC, while others don’t. Check your treatment label and talk to your doctor before you drive while taking any medical cannabis treatment.

Even if your prescribed treatment doesn’t contain any THC, you should always pay attention to the effects you experience while taking it and ensure you aren’t driving while impaired. While CBD tends to have a minimal side effect profile, it can cause side effects like drowsiness and fatigue in some patients. Always make sure you feel safe, alert and confident before you get behind the wheel and wait for side effects to wear off before driving.

Is it legal to drive while taking THC?

No. It is not legal to drive with any amount of THC in your system in all states in Australia (except Tasmania), even if you are a medicinal cannabis patient with a valid prescription. If you choose to take THC or do not wait long enough for the THC to leave your system before you drive and you test positive for THC in a mouth swab test, you can lose your licence. 

These laws exist because THC is a psychoactive cannabinoid which can affect cognitive and motor skills that are needed for safe driving, including attention, judgement, vision, coordination and memory. However, because THC can be detected in the body for up to weeks after the initial consumption, these laws can unfortunately unfairly discriminate against legal medicinal cannabis patients who may face fines and loss of their licence even when they are unaffected and unimpaired by their medication at the time of testing. In fact, cannabis is the only legally prescribed medication for which you lose your licence when testing positive for presence, not impairment (except in Tasmania). Tasmania is the only state in Australia that allows unimpaired drivers who have been legally prescribed medicinal cannabis to lawfully drive.

How does medical cannabis affect driving?

Any substance that has an effect on the mind and body is capable of affecting your ability to drive. This is true of both legally prescribed and recreational substances, as well as both plant-based and standard treatments. So any time you start a new medication or substance, change your dose or make any changes to your treatment plan, you should always wait and ensure you are not experiencing any effects or side effects which may impact your ability to drive before getting behind the wheel. 

When it comes to measuring cannabis impairment, science tells us that there are several factors which play a role – including dose, mode of ingestion, length of treatment and individual factors like weight and metabolism. In 2020, a landmark study led by the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics at the University of Sydney and conducted at Maastricht University in the Netherlands found that CBD does not impair driving, while moderate amounts of THC produce mild driving impairment lasting up to four hours.² A 2022 study led by the same group found that 1500mg, the highest daily medicinal dose of cannabidiol (CBD), has ‘no impact on people’s driving or cognitive abilities.’³

The results from these studies reassure us that patients using CBD-only products are most likely safe to drive, and help us understand the duration of impairment for patients using THC-dominant products. But since driving laws in Australia use a zero-tolerance policy for THC in drivers, the law still dictates that patients consuming THC should not be driving.

Another 2022 study⁴ conducted by researchers at the University of Sydney’s Lambert Initiative which analysed all available studies on the relationship between driving performance and concentrations of THC in blood and saliva found ‘blood and oral fluid THC concentrations to be relatively poor or inconsistent indicators of cannabis-induced impairment.’ This is in contrast to the much stronger relationship that can be seen between blood and alcohol concentrations and driving impairment.

‘Higher blood THC concentrations were only weakly associated with increased impairment in occasional cannabis users while no significant relationship was detected in regular cannabis users.’

– Lead author Dr Danielle McCartney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics 

So while this research does not suggest there is no relationship between THC intoxication and driving impairment, it does call into question the validity of the methods used to assess cannabis-related impairment in drivers in Australia. This highlights the need for more reliable methods of assessing cannabis-impairment in drivers and a reform of the cannabis-driving laws which unfairly impact patients who are using legal medicinal cannabis products who cannot currently drive, even when they are not impaired.

The findings of this study were reported on The Project, Network 10:

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How long after consuming medicinal cannabis is it safe to drive?

If you take a medicinal cannabis product which contains none of the cannabinoid THC, such as a CBD-only oil, then it is safe for you to drive provided you are not experiencing any adverse side effects like dizziness or low blood pressure. You only need to wait until you are certain you are not experiencing any side effects which impact driving before you get behind the wheel. CBD-only products will not show up on a drug test and it is legal for you to drive after taking these.

If you take a medicinal cannabis product containing THC, the answer to this question is a little more complicated. Because it is illegal to drive with any amount of THC in your system, and because the amount of time it takes for THC to leave your system varies so much from person to person, there is no definitive answer to how soon you can drive after consuming THC. Although the above research tells us that the impairing effects of THC fade after four hours of having consumed it, Australian police test for THC presence – not impairment – when drug testing drivers. So it’s important to understand how long cannabis can stay in your system before you drive as a medical cannabis patient who consumes THC.

How long does cannabis stay in your system?

Unfortunately there is no definitive answer to this question, as it varies from individual to individual depending on a range of factors, such as:

• The amount of THC / cannabis you consume;
• How often you consume cannabis;
• Your body fat percentage;
• Your metabolism;
• How much exercise you do, and
• The type and sensitivity of the drug test you take

Generally, random roadside saliva tests can detect THC for about 12 hours⁵ after use in people who use cannabis less frequently. But for those who frequently use cannabis, such as medicinal cannabis patients who use cannabis to help treat chronic conditions, THC can usually be detected for around 30 hours⁵ after use. Again, these numbers will vary from person to person.

For other types of drug tests, which may be required in certain workplaces or other settings, cannabis can be detected in your system for even longer, including up to 6 days for blood tests,⁶ up to a month for urine tests⁵ and up to 3 months for hair tests.⁷ Learn more about this topic here.

Because it is so difficult to know when and if you might legally be able to drive after consuming THC, if you are a medicinal cannabis patient who has to drive frequently for work or other activities, you may want to consider a CBD treatment rather than a THC one under the current driving laws in Australia. Ensure you are open and honest with your prescribing doctor about your driving status and current situation so they can provide you with a treatment plan that works best for you.

Driving and cannabis law reform in Australia through Drive Change

Drive Change is an Australian law reform campaign fighting to give medicinal cannabis patients the same rights as other patients. They are a team of educators and advocates who believe that current drug driving laws ‘fail to improve road safety, discriminate against medical cannabis patients and impede public health outcomes.’

Drive Change proposes equal rights for legal medical cannabis patients through the following solution:

‘The government implements Australia-wide uniform drug driving laws to allow for a complete defence to the presence of THC in a driver’s oral fluid or blood when:

• The driver has a valid doctor’s prescription for a medicine containing THC;
• The offence does not involve dangerous or reckless driving; and
• An officer cannot establish driver impairment.’

Visit Drive Change to learn more about how you can support the campaign and help create equal driving rights for legal medical cannabis patients.

Where can I learn more about the cannabis driving laws in my state?

Click on these resources to learn more about the local driving laws in your state:

New South Wales

• Legal aid NSW fact sheet

Queensland

• Legal aid QLD fact sheet

Victoria

• Legal aid VIC fact sheet

South Australia

• SA legal services commissions fact sheet

Western Australia

• Legal aid WA drug driving page

Tasmania

• Youth Law Australia Tassie web page

ACT

• ACT government’s drug driving page

NT

• Legal aid NT web page

The bottom line

Knowing whether or not you should drive as a medicinal cannabis patient can be difficult. But no matter what your situation is, you should never drive while impaired. Patients who take THC-free / CBD-only medicinal cannabis products can safely and legally drive provided you are not experiencing any adverse side effects that might impede driving ability. But patients taking THC medicinal cannabis products can face fines and even the loss of your licence if any amount of THC is detected in your system in a roadside test.

It’s important that you’re aware of the cannabinoids and ingredients in your prescribed medicinalcannabis treatment and any driving restrictions that exist for your treatment in Australia. You should always be honest and open about your driving status, situation and needs as a patient so your doctor can provide you with the best care possible and tailor a treatment plan that works for you. 

To talk to a Polln doctor about medicinal cannabis, sign up as a patient today or make an appointment via your Polln patient dashboard.

Help create equal driving rights for legal medical cannabis patients by visiting Drive Change.

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There are currently over 830,000 people living with endometriosis in Australia.¹ Symptoms of endometriosis can be extremely painful and debilitating for those who live with the condition, often causing them to miss out on social, work or other engagements. Without a cure, these symptoms often need to be managed through medical or surgical interventions.

In this article, we’re answering your questions about how medicinal cannabis (also known as ‘medical marijuana’) may be able to help treat the symptoms of endometriosis in some patients – especially severe or chronic pain caused by inflammation and other associated symptoms like poor mental health, sleep issues, gastrointestinal issues and nausea and vomiting.

What is endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a progressive, chronic condition whereby some of the cells similar to those that line the uterus / womb – known as the endometrium – grow elsewhere in the body, especially in the pelvis. These cells respond to messages from the ovaries, despite not being in the uterus, leading to endometriosis tissue bleeding every month when a person has their period. 

This can be extremely painful, affect fertility and prevent those who have the condition from participating fully in their lives. Over time, the condition can cause inflammation and scarring and even cause adhesions, whereby organs stick together in certain places.

About 1 in 9 menstruating people in Australia¹ develop endometriosis by the time they are in their 40s, causing tens of thousands of hospitalisations every year. There is no known cure for endometriosis, but some symptoms can be managed through a variety of interventions.

Can medicinal cannabis help treat endometriosis?

Medical cannabis is commonly prescribed to treat some of the symptoms associated with endometriosis and may be an effective treatment for some patients.

A 2017 Australian survey of 484 participants² aged 18–45 and suffering from endometriosis found that one in ten participants used cannabis to treat their symptoms, citing efficacy in reducing pain and other symptoms with few adverse effects. Pain reduction, as well as improvements in sleep, nausea and vomiting were the main reasons cited for self medicating with cannabis, with 56% of participants using cannabis having been able to reduce pharmaceutical medications by at least half.

In a separate 2021 study of 252 participants with endometriosis³ cannabis was found to be effective for pelvic pain, gastrointestinal issues and mood, with effectiveness differing based on method of ingestion (such as inhalation or other oral methods). 

Each of us has an endocannabinoid system (ECS) and cannabinoid receptors all over the body, mainly in our central and peripheral nervous systems, immune system and organs. These receptors have also been found in the endometrium and gut linings. Research⁴ has shown that the endocannabinoid system plays a part in endometriosis, making cannabis treatments (which interact with the endocannabinoid system in numerous ways) valuable treatments to explore when looking at endometriosis. 

The two main cannabinoids found in the plant are THC and CBD, both of which interact with the cannabinoid receptors found in our body and ECS to produce varying effects. Both THC and CBD may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of endometriosis for some patients. 

Medicinal cannabis treatments are known to have anti-inflammatory properties and studies have shown it may be beneficial in treating chronic pain,⁵ anxiety⁶ and depression⁷ in some patients. Inflammation, chronic pain and associated comorbidities like mental health issues, anxiety and depression are all symptoms experienced by many living with endometriosis, so medical cannabis may be a viable treatment option for these symptoms in some patients.

Like any medication, medical cannabis will work differently for everyone. Depending on the severity of your condition, the type of treatment prescribed and the individual way it interacts with your body, you may or may not find medical cannabis to be an effective treatment for your endometriosis symptoms.

What type of medical cannabis is best for treating endometriosis symptoms?

Medical cannabis treatments prescribed in Australia can generally be classified as being high THC, high CBD or a combination of THC and CBD, whereby effects will vary depending on the ratio of THC to CBD.

Depending on your medical history and the symptoms you’re experiencing, your doctor may prescribe you a medical cannabis treatment from one or more of these categories in the format of an oil, flower, or other delivery format.

CBD and CBD oils are known to have anti-inflammatory and mild analgesic properties, which makes them potentially effective at reducing the pain that many endometriosis patients experience, given inflammation is one of the main reasons patients with endometriosis experience pain.

In Australia, chronic pain patients make up around 60–70% of medicinal cannabis prescriptions.⁸ So while there is limited research about endometriosis and CBD specifically, we know that many patients in Australia benefit from taking medicinal cannabis treatments like CBD and CBD oil for pain (there is some discussion around the efficacy of varying ratios of THC to CBD in treating endometriosis symptoms in this aforementioned study³).

THC is known for its analgesic and psychotropic properties and is also known to have some potential therapeutic benefits in treating pain for some patients. In a study which looked at endometriosis in mice,⁹ THC was found to have analgesic and antispasmodic properties while also inhibiting the development of endometrial cysts. More studies are yet to be done on the effectiveness of THC in inhibiting endometrial cyst development in humans.

Scientists and those in the medicinal cannabis industries believe that using the whole plant – including a range of cannabinoids like THC and CBD, terpenes and other compounds – offers greater health benefits than using specific cannabinoids in isolation. This is known as the ‘entourage effect.’

Are there any side effects associated with using medical cannabis to treat endometriosis?

Like any medication, whether it’s natural or pharmacological, medical cannabis treatments can cause unwanted side effects in some patients.

CBD has a narrow side effect profile, whereas THC can cause more side effects in certain patients. Some patients may experience things like fatigue, dry mouth, lightheadedness or nausea when starting medical cannabis treatment, or other effects which will vary from person to person. With the support of a prescribing practitioner, patients will often be able to resolve these side effects through correct dosing and titration. When taken in conjunction with THC, CBD can help mitigate the negative side effects associated with THC, especially rare symptoms of anxiety (thanks to the entourage effect!). 

Currently, Australian law states that it is illegal to drive with any amount of THC in your system, even if you have a valid prescription and regardless of whether you are impaired or not. This is something patients should consider if they are thinking about accessing medical cannabis treatments for endometriosis.

How does medical cannabis compare with more conventional endometriosis treatments?

Patients with endometriosis often have to manage their symptoms through a combination of lifestyle adjustments, natural medicines, pharmaceutical medicines and surgical interventions. This can look like taking herbal or other supplements, taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) like Ibuprofen and Voltaren or adopting other pain relieving or lifestyle adjustments, such as dietary changes.

However, a large number of endometriosis patients require stronger painkillers, oral or intrauterine contraceptive methods, progesterone hormonal interventions and laparoscopy surgeries to remove endometriosis lesions. A laparoscopy is the only form of treatment that changes the physiology of your body (addressing the root cause), whereas all other forms of treatment support in reducing symptoms. 

Each of these interventions comes with a range of side effects that many patients find intolerable, which may lead to them seeking out other alternative treatments to help manage symptoms, such as medicinal cannabis. Here are some of the side effects patients with endometriosis report experiencing from conventional treatments:

• Gastric side effects caused by NSAIDs, including inflammation of the lining of the stomach and stomach ulcers from prolonged use.
• Contraceptive pill side effects, including: headaches, migraines, irregular bleeding, increased blood pressure, nausea, weight gain, mood changes, changes to gut microbiome and nutritional deficiencies.
• Progesterone method side effects such as thyroid health issues.
• Laparoscopy side effects including recurring endometriosis symptoms, scarring and other post-surgical complications.

Some patients who use medicinal cannabis to manage the symptoms of endometriosis, especially chronic pain, report experiencing fewer side effects than those seen with their conventional treatments.¹⁰

How can I get a prescription for medical cannabis?

To be eligible for a medical cannabis prescription, the TGA states that a patient must:

1. Have a chronic condition lasting three months or more 
2. Have tried other treatments to manage the symptoms of this condition
3. Have found those treatments to be unsuccessful in treating the condition or to have produced unwanted side effects

If you’re one of the 830,000+ Australians living with endometriosis and you’ve tried one or more of the conventional treatments listed above, or any other treatment, you may be eligible to access medicinal cannabis to help manage your endometriosis symptoms. 

The first thing to do is to talk to your doctor about wanting to try medicinal cannabis. If you’re unsure whether your current doctor can help you access medicinal cannabis, you can book a consultation with one of our Polln Practitioners who specialise in these treatments to discuss whether they might be right for you. 

Why should I get a prescription for medical cannabis instead of just buying CBD oil or cannabis products online or illegally to treat my endometriosis?

Research has shown¹¹ that a significant number of Australians living with endometriosis use cannabis illegally to manage their symptoms. This shows us that many are finding the Australian medical cannabis industry to be too inaccessible, expensive or difficult to navigate and are instead opting for illegal cannabis products purchased online or via the black market. 

Because recreational cannabis is unregulated in Australia, there’s a big risk that your therapeutic goals will not be met by the product you buy without a prescription. This is because the active ingredients in unregulated products have varied concentrations, may differ from what you’ve been told they are, or in some cases may not be present at all. 

When taking plant medicine to treat a specific medical condition like endometriosis, it’s important to know exactly which cannabinoids are present within your treatment, and at what quantity and ratio. Getting a prescription for medicinal cannabis from a licensed healthcare professional is the best way to ensure you’re getting quality, regulated medicine containing the active ingredients you need to treat your condition.

‍You can read more about buying illegal vs. legal cannabis here.

Treating endometriosis with Polln

While the pathways to access medicinal cannabis haven’t always been clear, things are definitely changing.

At Polln, our biggest mission is to make alternative treatments like medical cannabis more accessible to patients living with debilitating chronic conditions, including endometriosis. If you’re unsure whether your current doctor can help you access medicinal cannabis, you can book a consultation with one of our Polln Practitioners who specialise in these treatments to discuss whether they might be right for you. 

Help end endo

Consider making a donation to help end endo at https://endoaustralia.org.au/‍

‘Cannabis’ and ‘marijuana’ are terms used more or less interchangeably, but a growing debate has emerged around the use of the term ‘marijuana’ within industry and healthcare settings.

At a time when cannabis arrests still disproportionately affect minorities, when racism continues to have an effect on cannabis research¹ and when racial bias in healthcare leads to poorer outcomes and lower-quality care for racial and ethnic minorities, is it time for the industry to retire a word with a discriminatory past?

What are the origins of the word marijuana?

Historian, scholar and author Isaac Campos attributes the origins of the word marijuana to botanists conducting research in Mexico in the 1850s. In his book, Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico’s War on Drugs, Campos found that these early researchers discovered that the local population had begun referring to the plant previously known as ‘pipiltzintzintlis’ by a new name – ‘mariguana’ – which would then go on to ‘conquer the lexica of most of the Western Hemisphere.² The exact origins of the word prior to this usage are unknown.

So while the term has been abused for political aims and to stigmatise and incite xenophobia against the plant and the people associated with it since the 20th century, marijuana is itself a term indigenous to Mexicans that did not originate as a slur, one that has had cultural and historical validity since at least the 1800s.

How has the term been demonised?

Throughout the 19th century, medical journal articles, news reports, advertisements and medication packaging in the West almost exclusively used the terms ‘hemp’ and ‘cannabis’ to refer to the plant. It wasn’t until the early 20th century that the term ‘marijuana’ came into use in the US, namely because anti-cannabis groups sought to frame cannabis as a threat to American notions of whiteness and purity of the time. Thus the term was intentionally used to align the cannabis plant with Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in order to play off anti-immigrant sentiments, incite xenophobia and demonise the plant.

Prior to the 1930s, the term held few negative connotations. But this incitement of fear and bigotry by anti-drug campaigners, coupled with the 1925 Geneva Convention and global moral panic surrounding the drug itself, played a large part in the resulting state restrictions of the plant before it was federally prohibited in the US. This then contributed to the ongoing and disproportionate criminalisation of racial minorities who use the drug, despite usage rates being almost the same between white and non-white people.

Does it matter who is using the term?

The cultural position and intent of the speaker as well as the context they are in are important things to consider when we look at who is using the term ‘marijuana.’ Is the term being used to celebrate or appreciate its origins? Is it merely being used to describe the plant? Is it being appropriated by a business or brand to sell a product? Or, is it being used as a slur or a way to demonise the plant or the person consuming it? These questions, alongside the question of who is speaking, can help us to understand when the term might be appropriate, and when it might be offensive. 

Something important to consider here is that unlike some slurs – which often have offensive origins but may have been reclaimed by the community they once targeted (for example, the word ‘queer’) – the term marijuana did not originate as a slur. It is only through its discriminatory usage by white people in positions of power that the word developed its problematic history. It is understandable then that many would object to the use of the term by people and organisations who hold privilege or power, who are ignorant to the word’s problematic history, or who use the term without acknowledging its past and the ongoing discrimination that has resulted from it.

How can we use the word ‘marijuana’ responsibly?

For many communities – especially those disproportionately affected by cannabis stigma and criminalisation – ‘cannabis’ is not a word people feel connected to, whereas ‘marijuana’ may hold more cultural and historical significance. It can be argued that labelling the term marijuana as racist or cancelling the term altogether would both alienate these communities and erase the complicated history of the term and the impact it has had on them. 

Today, in Australia and across the world, many still use the term ‘marijuana’ or ‘medical marijuana’ when searching for information about cannabinoid medicines and treatment. By erasing the word marijuana altogether, healthcare providers and medicinal cannabis companies risk losing a portion of their audience – that is, patients who may not be able to find accurate, up to date information about the options available to them. It’s important then to consider how we in the industry use language to talk about our products and services, so that they remain accessible to all who need them. 

Where to from here?

Ultimately, it is up to the people and communities most impacted by the discriminatory use of a term to determine how it should be used, and who should use it. But these communities are not a monolith, and there is no singular answer to the question of whether the term ‘marijuana’ is an offensive one. Ongoing discussions around the language and words we use, how we use them, and how their meanings may evolve over time are essential in order to acknowledge the harms that have been caused while working towards a more inclusive, just and safe future for cannabis patients and users in Australia and beyond.

Where we stand

At Polln, our biggest mission is to make plant medicine more accessible to the patients who need them while overcoming the stigma and biases that exist for medicinal cannabis patients and patients from all backgrounds who seek to access the quality care they need. We do this by prioritising diversity and inclusion at all levels of our business – from our doctors to our Care Team, business leaders and coordinators – and by putting our patients’ needs above all else. 

While we as a team are predominantly ‘cannabis-first' when we talk about cannabinoid treatments and therapies, we acknowledge the need to make our services and content as inclusive as possible. With 'marijuana' still being a highly searched term, we will use it from time to time throughout our Library to include those patients who may be searching for valuable health information about these treatments. With this article, we hope to provide some context and educate our community on the history of the term so that they can make informed decisions about the language they choose to use. 

As a business in the healthcare and medical cannabis industries with an understanding of our privilege and position, we do not wish to claim, misuse or appropriate the term ‘marijuana’ by using it to talk about medicinal cannabis in Australia. Instead, we opt for the scientific name – ‘cannabis’ or ‘cannabis sativa’ – throughout our website, services and patient interactions. We will always remain open to the discourse surrounding this topic and encourage our patient community to do the same! And, as always, we welcome all thoughts and feedback.

To learn more about our values and commitment to a more inclusive healthcare, head to our About page.

Like any plant, as soon as the cannabis plant has been harvested and is no longer receiving nutrients from the root it was once attached to, it begins to degrade.

Once your flower has been harvested, dried and prepared for medicinal use, its optimal freshness zone becomes a finite window that can only be extended through proper storage methods.

Knowing how to keep your flower fresh will help you ensure your medicinal cannabis treatments maintain their quality and efficacy over time, allowing you to get the greatest therapeutic benefits out of your medication.

5 things to consider when storing your medicinal cannabis flower

‍1. Light: studies have found exposure to sunlight and UV rays to be the leading factor in cannabinoid deterioration once cannabis is harvested. Keep your medical cannabis flower fresh by storing it in a cool, dark place away from sunlight, or in a UV-proof storage container.

2. Air: exposure to oxygen greatly accelerates the degradation process of cannabis, so it's best stored in an airtight container (or, even better, one with an airtight vacuum seal).

3. Humidity: the ideal relative humidity zone for cannabis is 59–63%. Storing your medicl cannabis flower at this humidity level will prevent it from becoming either too dry (which weakens the bud structure) or too moist (which makes it susceptible to mould). Again, storing your cannabis in an airtight container in a cool, dark place will help you maintain an ideal humidity level.

4. Temperature: Medicinal cannabis flower is best stored at or below 21°C. To maintain the quality of your flower, never store it near heat or above kitchen or other appliances, as the heat will rise and cause your flower to dry out. You should also avoid storing your medical cannabis treatments in the fridge or freezer, as fluctuating temperature and humidity can reduce its quality and cannabinoid content and increase the risk of mould.

5. Odour: if you need to store your medicinal cannabis treatments discreetly, you may want to opt for a smell-proof storage container that contains the odour of the flower. Odour-proof storage can help keep your medicinal cannabis treatments safe and out of the wrong hands.

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Polln recommends: Staze*

At Polln, we want to ensure our patients get the most out of their medicinal cannabis treatments. We've partnered with Staze because their vacuum seal jars are among the best methods of storage for maintaining flower quality, efficacy and cannabinoid content. Meaning our patients get the therapeutic experience and benefits they deserve. Every time.

With such a wide range of medicinal cannabis brands and packaging coming out in Australia, we discovered that many of our patients were finding it more difficult than it needed to be to carry or have a smaller dose available while keeping their treatments discreet and out of the wrong hands (and away from children). This was especially true for patients receiving treatments packaged in large mylar bags! After receiving this feedback, we wanted to provide our patient community with a storage option that maintains their plant’s integrity and quality and protects the flower from being crushed while remaining discreet and odour-proof.

With a considered design that eliminates exposure to light and air and prevents odours from escaping, Staze ensures the work your medical cannabis growers put in, stays in.‍

Staze features:

• Airtight vacuum seal: built-in hand operated vacuum pump locks in freshness by removing all air to extend the life of your flower
• Activated carbon filter: placed inside the cap to prevent odours from escaping for added discretion and portability
• UV protection: opaque jar protects your medical cannabis treatments from harmful light exposure
• Aesthetic design: sleek and minimal, Staze is designed to fit in the palm of your hand with a comfort grip for added functionality
• Air removal indicator: pumping motion activates a clicking noise once vacuum seal is reached to indicate that your flower is now safely stored and protected

Get to know Staze at Shop Polln.

‍*Disclaimer: Patients in Australia should ensure they are always travelling with their medical cannabis treatments in their original pharmacy packaging accompanied by any relevant supporting documents, such as prescription or approval letter.

Storing other medicinal cannabis formats

If you’ve been prescribed another type of medicinal cannabis treatment, such as an oil or a capsule, you will simply need to follow the storage instructions written on the box or packaging that your medication came in from the pharmacy.

You will likely not need to explore alternative storage options like you might use for medical cannabis flower, but instead focus on storing your treatments at the correct temperature and away from direct sunlight or moisture.

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While public perceptions are shifting around the use of cannabis to treat a growing list of conditions, many still understand cannabis through the lens of stigma, misinformation and its history of criminalisation.

You might find that your parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles and other family members have different opinions about your medicinal cannabis use than your friends and your healthcare providers do. 

If you're dealing with a loved one who doesn't support your medicinal cannabis use and it's affecting your relationship or wellbeing, here are five things you can do:

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1. Start with a conversation. 

Change begins one person at a time, so why not start with a one-on-one conversation? You can ask your loved one to share what they know about medicinal cannabis and try to get them to open up to you about how they formed their strong opinions on cannabis use. Try to come to the conversation with an open mind and a will to understand your loved one’s experiences, and ask that they try and do the same for you. You might like to start by opening up about your health and medical condition and how it has been impacting your life and wellbeing prior to trying medicinal cannabis.

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2. Try to understand their point of view

Perhaps your loved one grew up in a time where cannabis was demonised, or maybe they knew someone who had an unhealthy relationship with recreational drugs. It’s possible they’ve even tried cannabis recreationally themselves and had a bad experience! Whatever their background with cannabis is, try to understand where they're coming from without judging their beliefs or experiences. This will help you understand where to start with educating your loved one on the benefits and history of medicinal cannabis and debunking any misinformation they have come to rely on.

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3. Back yourself with research

There are a wide range of studies, statistics and resources exploring the history, safety, medicinal uses, potential therapeutic benefits and also potential risks of cannabis today and throughout human history. If you're going to try and educate your loved one and clear up misinformation, try to back yourself with the right research and resources to help you speak from a place of understanding. Remember that it's important to review a wide range of research to get a full understanding of both the benefits and risks of medicinal cannabis and know that more research is needed in this space.

Some reputable places to source your medicinal cannabis information from are peer-reviewed medical journals, university departments or initiatives dedicated to researching cannabinoid therapies and plant medicine, peer-reviewed articles about cannabis clinical trials and any reputable platform or initiative dedicated to exploring the benefits and uses of medicinal cannabis (always check any references they’ve provided to ensure they’re coming from reputable sources).

You might like to talk about how plant medicine has been used as a medicine throughout human history, or how some countries have legalised cannabis as a medicine today. You can point to studies where medical cannabis has shown to be beneficial in treating or mitigating the symptoms of certain conditions for some patients, such as your own condition or even a condition your loved one suffers from, if you feel comfortable. 

You might want to share the studies and information you come across with your loved one for them to look at on their own time so they can read and digest the information when they’re ready.

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4. Speak from experience

If you feel comfortable talking about your medicinal cannabis journey, sharing how your medicinal cannabis treatment has helped you in managing or healing your condition can help your loved one understand your choice on a personal level. You might talk about changes you've seen, how the treatments compare with other conventional treatments you've tried and how they've impacted your life overall. 

If, for example, your medical cannabis treatment has helped improve your relationships with others by lessening the symptoms of anxiety or chronic pain, then you might talk about how medical cannabis has allowed you to spend more time or improved the time you spend with your loved ones, family and friends. You might talk about how it’s helped you to do better at work, participate in activities or any other benefit your treatment has had on your symptoms and lifestyle. You may also like to talk about how other treatments you’ve tried were less effective or produced adverse side effects that were worse than those you’ve experienced with medical cannabis. Remember that medical cannabis affects everyone differently so your personal experience is unique to you. This means that your loved one and other people around you will have a different experience and it's important to acknowledge that what works for you may not work for others.

Anything you can share that will challenge your loved one’s ideas about how medical cannabis affects users will help break down any stigmas and help them understand your decision.

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5. Trust yourself and your experience

We can’t always change the minds of people with strongly-rooted beliefs. And that’s okay. How you choose to look after your health, as long as it is safe and legal, is entirely your decision. If you feel you’ve done all you can to change your loved one’s mind and you still haven’t seen eye to eye, trust that you and your doctor know what’s best for your health, and you don’t need to involve anyone who isn’t your healthcare provider, legal carer or guardian (if you are underage) in your healthcare decisions.

Even if your loved one hasn’t come around to the idea of your medical cannabis use right away, you may have made more progress than you think in shifting their beliefs. As time goes by and these treatments may become more mainstream and readily available, you may find your loved one becoming more and more open to the idea of your medical cannabis use. In the meantime, try to learn to agree to disagree and remember there is a large community of patients, practitioners, scientists, pharmacists, growers, researchers and healthcare providers who can advocate and support you.

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Let’s break down the medicinal cannabis stigma, one conversation at a time.

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The medical cannabis system in Australia hasn’t always been easy to navigate. With many still finding the pathways to accessing medicinal cannabis confusing and frustrating, and with Australian medical and legal attitudes towards cannabis being somewhat behind those of other countries, it’s no surprise that people are still turning to illegal pathways to access their cannabis products. 

While recreational cannabis remains illegal in all states and territories except the ACT, medical cannabis is legal Australia-wide. Medicinal cannabis is any cannabis product prescribed by a qualified doctor to relieve the symptoms of a medical condition. And recreational cannabis is the illegal use (at the time of writing in Australia) of cannabis for any purpose, including social, pleasure, creativity, relaxation and/or self-medication. Cannabis is sometimes also referred to as 'marijuana' – learn about the history and implications of this term here.

In this article, we’ll answer some of your questions about accessing medical cannabis in Australia so you can make informed decisions about what you’re buying when it comes to your health.

What are the differences between medical and recreational cannabis, besides how you access them?

The differences between the regulated cannabis products you can get with a prescription and the black-market products you might get from other sources run deeper than just who you get them from. The biggest differences between the two are quality, regulation, cost, and assurance and consistency regarding the active ingredients (cannabinoids) found within the product. 

Put simply: with a medicinal cannabis prescription, you might pay more, but you’ll know exactly what you’re getting. When you buy cannabis illegally, you often won’t.

This may not be an important consideration for people who use cannabis for more recreational purposes like socialising or getting high. But for those who use cannabis to relieve the symptoms of a medical condition like anxiety or chronic pain, knowing what’s in your product and what dose you should be taking can make a big difference to your health.

Because recreational cannabis is unregulated in Australia, there’s a big risk that your therapeutic goals will not be met by the product you buy without a prescription. This is because the active ingredients in unregulated products have varied concentrations, may differ from what you’ve been told they are, or in some cases may not be present at all. 

Why are active ingredients in cannabis important?

When treating a medical condition or taking cannabis for a specific purpose like relaxation or boosting creativity, it’s important to consider which cannabinoids are active within the product you’re taking. Knowing what’s in your product will help you ensure that your therapeutic or other goals are met, and that you’ll be less likely to experience any unwanted effects associated with specific cannabinoids.

In Australia, medicinal cannabis is categorised into three different types. These are:

• Mainly THC
• Mainly CBD
• THC and CBD combination
  

How you experience your product will depend on the cannabinoids present, what dose you take, how it is taken and the quality of the product itself. For example, if your product contains mainly CBD, you won’t experience psychoactive effects. You may experience medicinal benefits such as pain or anxiety reduction, improved sleep, relaxation and/or relief from other symptoms associated with a specific medical condition. If your product contains mainly THC, you may also experience pain relief, reduced nausea or other medicinal benefits depending on your health condition/s. You will also likely experience the ‘high’ associated with THC, given its psychoactive properties. 

When you access cannabis legally, you may be prescribed CBD, THC or a medication containing a combination of both, depending on the condition you’re treating. If you’re going to use cannabis as a medication, speaking with your medical professional is your best bet for ensuring you’re getting the treatment and care you need.

Is CBD oil legal in Australia?

At the time of writing in Australia, CBD oil is legal with a prescription – just like any other medicinal cannabis product. As of 2021, you can legally purchase low-dose CBD (containing 98% cannabidiol and no more than 2% of other cannabinoids) over the counter at pharmacies without a prescription, however there are regulatory hurdles still to be cleared before you’ll see these products become available. And many experts are questioning the effectiveness of CBD oil at such a low dose, meaning more research is still to be done.

CBD oil has quickly become one of the most popular and sought after health products in Australia. But as the cannabis industry grows, so does the spread of false promises misinformation. Because of the lack of clarity around the laws and pathways to buying regulated CBD oil in Australia, many have turned to online sellers to buy their products. And this comes at a risk. 

With the abundance of unregulated CBD oil products online claiming to cure everything from cancer to diabetes, it’s easy to see why Australians are choosing to buy their products from local or overseas websites. The important thing to note here is that buying any product online that actually contains CBD is technically illegal in Australia. Many buyers are aware of this and may choose to still buy online due to cost and convenience, however many are unaware that the products they are purchasing – if they do contain CBD – are illegal. If you are buying reputable products from overseas, you might want to consider whether the costs are actually that different to obtaining a prescription and purchasing regulated medicinal cannabis in Australia, as the prices often don’t vary much per mg level. 

If you are buying CBD oil from local Australian websites, you are either buying products which do contain CBD (and are therefore illegal) or you are buying products which do not contain any CBD, but say they do (meaning you’re being lied to). In fact, in Australia, there’s a 1 in 4 chance that the CBD oil you buy online is ‘not what you think it is in terms of strength and potency’ and a 1 in 9 chance that you’re being sold an entirely fake product. ‍

As with any treatment, the best way to ensure you’re getting what you need in terms of quality and effectiveness is to speak with a health professional.

Where can you get medical cannabis in Australia?

To legally access medicinal cannabis products in Australia, you need a prescription from a qualified doctor. While many Australian doctors are still uncomfortable or unfamiliar with prescribing medicinal cannabis, there are a number of doctors who specialise in medical cannabis prescribing – often called cannabis doctors – who are familiar with the many health benefits that these treatments can offer. The best way to access medical cannabis is to find a trusted doctor – either your current GP or an authorised prescriber such as our Polln Practitioners – and discuss your current condition/s and why medicinal cannabis might be right for you.

The bottom line

When buying cannabis in Australia, it’s important to consider what you’re using it for and whether things like active compounds, quality, regulation and consistency of the product are important to you and your needs. This is especially true if you are using cannabis to treat a medical condition. While the pathways to accessing medicinal cannabis in Australia have not always been clear, the rise of cannabis clinics and increasing government action and public awareness about the benefits of these products is making it easier for patients to access the treatments they need.

At Polln, our biggest mission is to make alternative treatments like medical cannabis more accessible to patients living in Australia. If you’re unsure whether your current doctor can help you access medicinal cannabis, you can book a consultation with one of our Polln Practitioners who specialise in these treatments to discuss whether they might be right for you.